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Z- Migration > 3b- Laos - LIDC- Limited Influence On Global Migration > Flashcards

3b- Laos - LIDC- Limited Influence On Global Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is Laos situation in global migration and it’s economic situation

A
  • Laos has limited influence over global migration system = Landlocked country surrounded by higher developed countries
  • LIDC + high levels of poverty (GDP £1,660) = 22% below poverty line
  • 75% employed in agriculture
  • net migration loss is high + provides opportunities + challenges
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2
Q

What are the current patterns of immigration + emigration in Laos

A
  • 1.2 million Laos migrants live abroad
  • very low immigration to Laos
  • majority of emigration= Thailand (950,000 laos)
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3
Q

What is the number one migrant destination for Laos

A

Thailand

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4
Q

What are the reasons for current patterns of emigration to Thailand from Laos

A
  • Dissatisfaction of working in farming = main sector of employment + provides little financial gain in Laos
  • Lack of alternative occupations
  • Motivation to follow others who returned from financially successful migrations
  • Daily min wage in Thailand = 300 baht
    Compared to 80 baht in Laos
  • Huge demand for unskilled labour in Thailand’s rapidly growing economy = Laos has low levels of education which supports this
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5
Q

How have migrations to Thailand been made easier

A
  • familiarity with Thai culture + language
  • pro emigration policy of Loas
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6
Q

Why has the Loas government been forced to put migration policies in place

A
  • Issue of human trafficking
  • vulnerability of young migrants in forced labour + sex exploitation is a major concern
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7
Q

Economic impacts of interdependence with Thailand

A
  • Laos-Thailand migration corridor is dominated by outward flow of unskilled Laotians to work in Thailand
  • contribute to Thai economy in construction + agriculture
  • Remittance payments assist development of Laos
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8
Q

Political impacts of interdependence with Thailand

A
  • Laos-Thailand cooperation committee established = strengthens communication + trade = Thailand is Laos primary access to the sea for trade
  • Thailand as a result of relationship funded health service development in Laos
  • Laos signed agreements to build rail links In 2012 between Thailand-Vietnam = opening up opportunities for trade + development with other countries eg: China
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9
Q

Why does Loas struggle to monitor + control migration

A
  • it’s a LIDC
  • cannot function as a AC due to a lack of resources + development
  • means that while many opportunities are created by migration challenges are faced to
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10
Q

Opportunities of migration between Laos + Thailand

A

1- One of the largest corridors within ASEAN = stimulates political + economic cooperation in terms of trade, investment + development projects
= 400 investment projects set up by Vietnam in Laos due to Bilateral relations

2- Migrants remittances are very important = 22% of Laos families live below poverty line = economic impact of money on local + National scale ranging from buying domestic items to agricultural machinery

3- Political stability improving between Laos, Thailand + Vietnam

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11
Q

Challenges of migration between Laos + Thailand

A

1- large amount of illegal migration = vulnerable to human trafficking + exploitation . Additionally Laos government policies have been difficult to implement

2- Loss of skilled labour eg Carpenters + mechanics to Thailand = brain drain
- this is set to increase If wage differentials remain high + movement becomes easier between ASEAN communities

3- Laos garment industry is the largest sector of manufacturing enrolment = growth depend on improving working conditions + retention of young female workers seeking higher wages

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12
Q

Summary of opportunities + challenges of migration between Loas + Thailand

A

+ Loas gains an increased GDP allowing it to develop and has increased relations with developing countries providing opportunities for investment

  • Laos loses majority of its workforce both skilled + unskilled making problems for it in the future + reducing its ability to develop
    Large amount of human rights violations did e to illegal migration + vulnerability to trafficking
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13
Q

What percentage of Loas population live below poverty line

A

22%

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14
Q

Why does Laos have a limited impact over global migration due to physical factors

A

Land-locked country

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15
Q

What is the GDP per capita of Laos (similar to Haiti)

A

£1,600

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16
Q

What percentage of Laos are employed in agriculture

A

75%

17
Q

How many Laos people live in Thailand

A

950,000

18
Q

How many people from Laos live abroad

A

1.2 million

19
Q

what is the minimum wage difference between Laos and Thailand

A

80 baht - 300 baht

20
Q

What have the Laos PDR Government introduced to tackle trafficking

A

National Plan of action for human trafficking

21
Q

What are the 3 strands/Ideas for the National Plan for Human Trafficking in Laos

A

prevention - media campaigns + education

protection - Reintegration of returning migrants = providing counselling for women

Prosecution - Investigation of Trafficking networks

22
Q

How does being a member of ASEAN affect Laos migration

A

New rules allow freer movement of labour after 2015 especially for skilled workers

23
Q

how many people in Laos become migrants per 1000

A

1

24
Q

what did Laos agree to in 2012 that will open it up for outward investment

A

Building of High speed- Rail between Thailand and Vietnam

25
Q

Who do the Laos PDR ministry of labour work with to reduce human trafficking and strengthen Migration Policies

A

UN agencies - UNICEF

NGOs - Save the children

26
Q

Give an example of human trafficking problem at Laos

A

Trafficking of 24 underage Footballers from Liberia to Laos to play for Champasak United

27
Q

total amount of remittances received for Laos and evaluation of why its not as high as expected

A

£440 million

Laos migrants limited by geographical proximity to emerging economy’s such a Thailand instead of ACs where wages would be higher

Laos population is much smaller in comparison to countries such as India

Z- Migration (6 decks)

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