1b- Comtemporay Patterns Of Migration Flashcards
What is socio-economic development
Process of social and economic development in a society. Measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment
What is the Human development index (HDI)
A index including social and economic factors for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita
1 is the highest value
What are migrant remittances
Funds/money sent by migrants back to people in country of origin
How can migration promote stability, growth and development through money, ideas and technology (1)
Money= flows sent in remittances
Technology= made it easier to transfer money globally = remittances are more available = also easier for NGOs to monitor
Ideas = transmitted back to country of origin eg: ideas on education, democracy + family size
Challenges with migration ( people + technology)
People = migrant flows are uneven and people are vulnerable (illegal migrants)
Technology= access is limited in countries of low socio-economic development
= these inequalities restrict effective management of conflict + injustices in migration
Why are remittances important
Provide stable source of income for millions of families + huge value to LIDC country GDPs
- 2015 remittances sent to LICs = £450 billion
What 2 factors affect remittance flows
- fluctuations in economies
- currency fluctuations
Why are remittances particularly useful in countries where the exchange rate is high
- a minimum wage job in a HIDC is above average wage for many LIDC counties
- money can be used to develop and establish business in country of origin
What is the correlation between HDI and remittances
As HDI increases = remittances as % of countries GDP decrease
= negative correlation
How can global migration promote stability in host and origin countries
Host = countries with ageing populations supported by youthful migrants = contributes to balanced age structure + population growth
Origin = migrant remittances support economies
- returning migrants bring back social remittances (Ideas) contributing to conflict resolution + stability
How can global migration promote economic growth in host and origin countries
Host = GDP + Tax increase by working migrants
- migrants fill skill gaps in labour market and take unattractive jobs
- migrants are consumers + boost local economies
Origin = Remittances supplement household income + stimulate local multiplier effect
How can global migration promote development in host + origin countries
Host = provides young + motivated work force = helps EDCs such as Thailand build key infrastructure
Origin = social + economic remittances provide LIDCs provide ideas and means to develop
Improved Political relations and investment
How can global migration cause inequalities in host + origin countries
Host = Exceeding population growth as migrants at reproductive/working age move in = puts pressure on countries services
Origin = loss of young working age people (Brain Drain) = downward economic spiral as no people to develop or produce GDP
- population decline = reproductive age leave
Migrant remittances sent back can increase inequalities between those who receive them + those who don’t
How does global migration cause conflicts in host + origin countries
Host = social conflicts between locals + migrants = people may find it hard to adapt to new cultures
- immigrant communities put pressure on local services (Health+ education)
Origin = international borders can be areas of conflict between border control + Traffickers
- tension between governments
How can global migration cause injustices/HR vios in Host and origin countries
Host = migrants are vulnerable to Trafficking + HR violations = forced labour + exploitation of women and children’s
Example = Romanian gang master jailed in Ireland for trafficking 15 ppl
Origin = chance of return to country of origin for many Refugees + Asylum seeker is limited
What was the total number of remittances sent to LIDCs in 2015
£450 billion
Real total cold be 50% higher
What percentage of Haiti’s GDP is remittances
20%
example of negative correlation between increasing HDI = decreasing % of GDP that is remmitances
Since 1990s what have the total amount of remittance payments outweighed
All direct investment and development aid in LIDCs
what country receives the highest number of remittance payments
India
£70 billion - due to large pop size
