1b- Comtemporay Patterns Of Migration Flashcards
What is socio-economic development
Process of social and economic development in a society. Measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment
What is the Human development index (HDI)
A index including social and economic factors for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita
1 is the highest value
What are migrant remittances
Funds/money sent by migrants back to people in country of origin
How can migration promote stability, growth and development through money, ideas and technology (1)
Money= flows sent in remittances
Technology= made it easier to transfer money globally = remittances are more available = also easier for NGOs to monitor
Ideas = transmitted back to country of origin eg: ideas on education, democracy + family size
Challenges with migration ( people + technology)
People = migrant flows are uneven and people are vulnerable (illegal migrants)
Technology= access is limited in countries of low socio-economic development
= these inequalities restrict effective management of conflict + injustices in migration
Why are remittances important
Provide stable source of income for millions of families + huge value to LIDC country GDPs
- 2015 remittances sent to LICs = £450 billion
What 2 factors affect remittance flows
- fluctuations in economies
- currency fluctuations
Why are remittances particularly useful in countries where the exchange rate is high
- a minimum wage job in a HIDC is above average wage for many LIDC counties
- money can be used to develop and establish business in country of origin
What is the correlation between HDI and remittances
As HDI increases = remittances as % of countries GDP decrease
= negative correlation
How can global migration promote stability in host and origin countries
Host = countries with ageing populations supported by youthful migrants = contributes to balanced age structure + population growth
Origin = migrant remittances support economies
- returning migrants bring back social remittances (Ideas) contributing to conflict resolution + stability
How can global migration promote economic growth in host and origin countries
Host = GDP + Tax increase by working migrants
- migrants fill skill gaps in labour market and take unattractive jobs
- migrants are consumers + boost local economies
Origin = Remittances supplement household income + stimulate local multiplier effect
How can global migration promote development in host + origin countries
Host = provides young + motivated work force = helps EDCs such as Thailand build key infrastructure
Origin = social + economic remittances provide LIDCs provide ideas and means to develop
Improved Political relations and investment
How can global migration cause inequalities in host + origin countries
Host = Exceeding population growth as migrants at reproductive/working age move in = puts pressure on countries services
Origin = loss of young working age people (Brain Drain) = downward economic spiral as no people to develop or produce GDP
- population decline = reproductive age leave
Migrant remittances sent back can increase inequalities between those who receive them + those who don’t
How does global migration cause conflicts in host + origin countries
Host = social conflicts between locals + migrants = people may find it hard to adapt to new cultures
- immigrant communities put pressure on local services (Health+ education)
Origin = international borders can be areas of conflict between border control + Traffickers
- tension between governments
How can global migration cause injustices/HR vios in Host and origin countries
Host = migrants are vulnerable to Trafficking + HR violations = forced labour + exploitation of women and children’s
Example = Romanian gang master jailed in Ireland for trafficking 15 ppl
Origin = chance of return to country of origin for many Refugees + Asylum seeker is limited
