2a- Why Has Migration Become Complex Flashcards
What is economic globalisation
- the world becoming increasingly interconnected = countries economies become more interdependent (Trade)
- as a result people are moving more
What is a Bi-Lateral corridor
- movement of migrants between 2 countries
What is a IDP and why are they significant
Internally displaced person = someone who is forced to leave their home but remains within country’s borders
Twice as many compared to refugees and do not have the same protections compared to refugees in other countries son are at risk
What is a result of economic globalisation
- new source and host areas for migration
= economies become more interconnected, intensified by globalisation = increases Bilateral corridors
What is a example of Inter-regional new host + source areas due to globalisation
- increased migration to USA
- historically mainly from Mexico = new origin countries from China
- largely economic reasons seeking highly skilled jobs
What is a example of intra-regional new host + source countries due to globalisation
- migration among 10 members countries of ASEAN
(Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - new hosts for economic development = Thailand
What is a example of internal new host + source countries due to globalisation
- Internal migrations within EDCs = China
- driven by FDI (foreign direct investment) = more economic activity at urban areas
- high levels of rural - urban migration
What are causes for strong Bilateral corridors forming
- geographical proximity
- similar cultures + languages
- migration policies of countries
What is the largest Bi-lateral corridor in the world
Mexico + USA
What has happened to Bi-lateral corridors as a result of globalisation/Interconnectedness
- flows of South-South corridors are now equal to North-South corridors
- migrant flows used to be from poorer less developed countries of south to wealthier more developed countries of North
What are the 2 causes of increasing South-South corridors
- Labour migration = poorer countries trying to bridge development gap + needing young migrant workforce
- Increase in Refugees = Migration restrictions for entering North = faster growing economies of south offer employment
How has migration over time affected young migrants + female migrants
Young migrants = developing regions host 60% of global migrants under 20
- main reason is economic = employment opportunities + remittance possibilities
Female migrants = global increase in number of female migrants
- 2013 women made up 48 % migrants
Reasons = increase in status of women in certain countries
- growing independence and freedom on a global scale
- increase in educated women migrating for economic opportunities
How has conflict + persecution been a factor in complex migration and example
Globally number of refugees increased over time
- 2016 , 65 million refugees
- top origin country = Syria
- refugees migrate for safety usually in large numbers making it very difficult for host countries to manage
How have changes to national immigration + emigration policies been a factor for increasingly complex migration ( Pakistan + Canada examples)
Migration policies are designed to meet soc,eco,political needs of country
Pakistan = emigration policy = 2013 remittances- £12 billion
- supports development of country
Canada = immigration policy = pro immigration to fill skill gaps in labour market
Pakistan uses higher wages from other countries to develop whereas Canada uses highly skilled migrants to fill gaps
Key summary points of complex migration
- global migration patterns are influenced by multiple interrelated factors
- changes in 21st century make understand patterns more complex
What percentage of migrants were female in 2013
48%
What percentage of young migrants are in developing regions
60%
comparison of share of total parentage of migrant stock between South-South Corridors and North-South
South-North = 35%
South-South = 36%
percentage of remittance payments sent from south-South
2/3
Global number of refugees and displaced people
65 million
example of how increased refugees have made migration complex-
how many Syrian Refugees did the UN identify outside of Syria and how many did they find internally displaced
6 million internally displaced
5 million outside of syria
how much money do Pakistan generate from remittance payments as a result of there Pro-Emigration policy
£12 billion
Give an example of a large South-South Corridor
Myanmar to Thailand
fill labour shortages
What is the new legal daily wage in Thailand and how much higher is this than Myanmar
300 baht
10x higher than Myanmar
What did the Lebanon government do to deal with the overwhelming number of Syrian refugees in 2015
have too have a entry Visa = whereas before it was unrestricted
Shows how migration can create challenges
Compare number of refugees to IDPs
2x as many IDPs to refugees
do not have the same protections compared to refugees in other countries so are at risk
