3b

Question 1

Influence of European vegetation

Answer 1

1. Postglacial development of vegetation

2. Direct and indirect human influence

Question 2

Postglacial development of vegetation

Answer 2

Most species have migrated north due to the receding ice

Species came from the Mediterranean

Question 3

Direct and indirect human influenc

Answer 3

Would have potentially had forests everywhere but in extreme climatic conditions

Vegetation communities due to deforestation and grazing

May have caused extinction of large mammals in Europe

May indirect I.e climate change, pollution

Question 4

Neolithic revolution

Answer 4

Agriculture spreading from SE to NW

Little pollen analytical evidence

Forrest were burnt to grow cereals

Manure as fertiliser

Question 5

Iron Age

Answer 5

Increase human impact due to metal tools

Increasing cutting in mountainous areas

Question 6

Roman period

Answer 6

Increase population density + construction of roads and cities

Introduction of fruit trees and wine grapes in Mediterranean

Question 7

Medieval period

Answer 7

Preferred cultivation of rye

Poorly wooded landscapes

Park like grazing landscapes

Question 8

Industrial revolution

Answer 8

Reforestation

Pollution

Heavy machinery

Land reclamation

River damming

Question 9

Consequence of clear cutting and agriculture

Answer 9

Overexploitation of health

Grassland + beech swamp

Soil erosion = forming inland dunes

Removing trees in sandy soils enables the soil to become more mobile preventing new trees from developing