3A Society: Culture Flashcards
What is culture?
- Shared attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours of a particular group of people
- It is learned, and influences the way you understand and view the world
Define attachment.
- Attachment: an affectionate, emotional relationship shared between two people
What is a ‘marker’ of attachment? (Bowlby & Ainsworth)
- Behaviour designed to gain and maintain closeness with the parent
Explain the three types of attachment as developed by Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation Test’.
- Type A (anxious-avoidant): Ignore mothers, do not make eye contact and do not get close to mothers
- Type B (secure): explore the room knowing that mother is around
- Type C (anxious-resistant): resist mothers by clinging, pushing and kicking
Describe Ljzendoorn & Kroonberg’s experiment to see differences between and within cultures regarding attachment.
- 32 samples from 8 different countries
- Found more differences within cultures than between cultures
- Type B was most common type in all countries
- Type A was more common in Western countries
- Type C more common in Japan and Israel
Describe Sagi & Colleague’s use of the ‘Strange Situation Test’ in Israeli Kibbulzim and the results.
- A double blind study of the strange situation test
- Traditional Kibbutz: infant house where at 6 weeks old, infant is cared for and fed by carers, mother visits and bathes infant, and infant is patrolled by two watchmen - showed 52% type C
- Home based: same as traditional, but the infant sleeps at home instead of an infant house - showed 20% type C
Describe Heuval & Colleagues experiment in relation to culture and identity.
- Dutch, Moroccan and Turkish children in grades 6-8, asked to use 5 words to describe themselves
- Moroccan/Turkish: collectivist culture, high amount of social descriptions
- Dutch: individualistic culture, individual in their answers and more psychological descriptions
Define emotions
- Emotions: a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one’s circumstances, mood or relationship with others, involving feelings that characterise a state of mind
Describe the the two groups of emotions divided by Markus & Kitayama
- Group one: related emotions to self, e.g. pride, anger, frustration
- Group two: related emotions to interactions with others, e.g. sympathy, shame
Define ‘morals’
- Morals: concerned with the principles of right or wrong behaviour and the goodness and badness of human character
What has research from Kohlberg’s moral theory shown?
- That Western cultures have higher levels of moral reasoning
What did Shweder and Colleagues propose against Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- That the evidence was cultural bias
- Believed that the levels of reasoning had a western cultural bias
- Failed to recognise the importance of values in collectivist cultures
What do people need to do when looking at the moral development of different cultures?
- Need to be able to distinguish between the level of reasoning displayed at the values on which the reasoning is based
