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IGCSE BIOLOGY MATS > 3a - Reproduction in plants > Flashcards

3a - Reproduction in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How can plants reproduce?

A
  • asexually

- sexually

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2
Q

How are new cells produced in plants asexually?

A

by mitosis

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3
Q

When plants reproduce asexually, their offspring is ___________ identical

A

genetically

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4
Q

How do plants reproduce asexually?

A
  • many plants develop underground food storage organs that later develop into a plant (potato plants, daffodil plants)
  • some plants produce side branches with plantlets on them (spider plant, chlorophytum)
  • other plants produce runners with plantlets on them (strawberries)
  • artificially induced (cuttings) that are placed in damp compost
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5
Q

What are the pros of asexual reproduction?

A
  • produces a large quantity of plants very quickly
  • can grow plants all year round
  • can grow rare or endangered plants to increase the populations
  • genetic modification can be introduced to large numbers of plants
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6
Q

What are the cons of asexual reproduction?

A
  • vulnerable to pests/ same disease
  • requires sterile lab facilities
  • produces a large quantity of plants very quickly
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7
Q

What is the male gamete in plants called?

A

pollen

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8
Q

what is the female gamete in plants called?

A

egg cell (ovum)

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9
Q

Where are the male gametes produced?

A

in the anthers of the stamen

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10
Q

Where are the female gametes produced?

A

in the ovules in the ovaries

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11
Q

What type of petals do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • colourful
  • large
  • to attract pollinating insects
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12
Q

What type of stigma do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • within the flower
  • sticky
  • easier for pollen to stick to stigma
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13
Q

What type of filaments do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • upright
  • within the flower
  • so the insects rubs against them to deposit the pollen as it crawls in
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14
Q

What type of pollen do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • heavy
  • sticky
  • to stick easier to the anthers
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15
Q

What type of scent do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • present

- to attract pollinating insects

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16
Q

What type of nectaries do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • present

- to attract pollinating insects

17
Q

What type of petals do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • small
  • green
  • no need to attract insects
18
Q

What type of stigma do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • outside the flower
  • feathery
  • to catch pollen carried by the wind
19
Q

What type of filaments do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • hang outside of the flower

- so that pollen can easily be blown away

20
Q

What type of pollen do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • light

- so that it can easily be carried by wind

21
Q

What type of scent do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • absent

- no need to attract insects

22
Q

What type of nectaries do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

A
  • absent

- no need to attract insects

23
Q

What is fertilisation in plants?

A

The fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete (pollen) and a female gamete (ovule) to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

24
Q

Describe stage 1 of fertilisation in plants:

A
  • pollination occurs (either by wind or insects)
25
Q

Describe stage 2 of fertilisation in plants:

A
  • pollen lands on stigma
  • pollen grows a pollen tube down the style using digestive enzymes towards the ovary
  • pollen enters the ovule via an opening called the micropyle
26
Q

Describe stage 3 of fertilisation in plants:

A
  • the nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube to fertilise the egg cell inside the ovule
27
Q

Describe stage 4 of fertilisation in plants:

A
  • fertilised egg develops into an embryo
  • ovule becomes the seed
  • ovary becomes the fruit
28
Q

What does the ovule become?

A

the seed

29
Q

What does the ovary become?

A

the fruit

30
Q

What does the ovule wall become?

A

the seed coat

31
Q

What is the embryonic plant made of?

A
  • radicle (small root)

- plumule (small shoot)

32
Q

Why do plants not want their seeds to land next to them?

A

The seeds will be in direct competition with the plant decreasing the chance of germination

33
Q

What are some ways seeds are dispersed?

A
  • animals (seed has hooks which catch onto animal fur)
  • animals (fruit is eaten by animal, seeds are deposited in the droppings elsewhere)
  • pods which are explosive, fire the seeds away
  • small feather-like structure to help it float in the wind
  • wings to help them fly in the wind
34
Q

What specific conditions does a seed require to germinate?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • warmth
35
Q

Why do seeds need water to germinate?

A

to activate enzymes which digests stored food

36
Q

Why do seeds need oxygen to germinate?

A

needed for the lease of energy for germination

37
Q

Why do seeds need warmth to germinate?

A

needed for the enzymes to work effectively

IGCSE BIOLOGY MATS (16 decks)

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