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IGCSE BIOLOGY MATS > 3a - Reproduction in humans > Flashcards

3a - Reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are special sex organs called?

A

gonads

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2
Q

What is the male gamete?

A

sperm cell

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3
Q

Where are male gametes produced?

A

testes

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4
Q

Where are female gametes produced?

A

ovaries

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5
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to carry the male genetic information and fertilise the female egg

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6
Q

How many sperm cells does one ejaculation contain?

A

339 million

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7
Q

Why do sperm cells have a flagellum?

A

helps the sperm cell swim

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8
Q

What does the tip of the head of sperm cells have?

A

contain enzymes to attack the coat of the egg and several mitochondria to provide energy to swim

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9
Q

Why do sperm cells contain cytoplasm?

A

to give it a streamlined shape

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10
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

to carry the female genetic information and provide nutrients for the embryo following fertilisation

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11
Q

Why do egg cells contain cytoplasm?

A

contains a store of food energy

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12
Q

Why do egg cells have a jelly coat?

A

make sure that only one sperm cell can enter the egg cell

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13
Q

Which gamete is larger?

A

egg cell

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14
Q

How many egg cells are produced?

A

1 a month

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15
Q

How many sperm cells are produced?

A

millions

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16
Q

Are egg cells able to move?

A

no

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17
Q

Are sperm cells able to move?

A

yes

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18
Q

Do egg cells have a food source?

A

yes

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19
Q

Do sperm cells have a food source?

A

no

20
Q

When do boys hit puberty?

A

13-16

21
Q

When do girls hit puberty?

A

11-14

22
Q

What is puberty controlled by in males?

A

testosterone

23
Q

What is puberty controlled by in females?

A

oestrogen

24
Q

What are some female body developments that hit them during puberty?

A
  • breasts develop
  • ovaries start to release eggs (period starts)
  • increase in body mass (hips widen)
25
Q

What are some male body developments that hit them during puberty?

A
  • voice breaks (get deeper)
  • testes and penis develop
  • sperm is produced by testes
  • hair grows on face and body
  • increase in body mass (body becomes more muscular)
26
Q

What are some female and male body developments that hit them during puberty?

A
  • pubic hair grows
  • underarm hair grows
  • stronger body smell
27
Q

What does the menstrual cycle consist of?

A
  • involves an egg and making sure the uterus lining is in perfect condition for implantation
  • if pregnancy does not occur the body will reset
28
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled by ________

A

hormones

29
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

30
Q

What is Phase 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation - the uterus lining breaks down for 4 days

31
Q

What is Phase 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the uterus lining builds up again for 10 days

32
Q

What is Phase 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation - by this time a follicle has matured which releases an egg

33
Q

What is Phase 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the wall is maintained for 14 days, if the egg is unfertilised then the lining breaks down and the cycle starts again

34
Q

What does oestrogen cause in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • causes the lining of the uterus to build up

- stimulates another hormone which leads to ovulation

35
Q

What does progesterone cause in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • maintains the lining of the uterus

- inhibits the release of further eggs by stopping other hormones being produced

36
Q

What is the journey of the sperm?

A
  • sperms are produced in the testes
  • they mix with liquid from glands to form semen
  • semen is ejaculated into vagina during sexual intercourse
  • the sperm cells swim through the cervix and into the uterus
  • they swim up the oviduct (fallopian tube)
37
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

nuclei of the 2 haploid cells fuse to make a new diploid cell

38
Q

What happens when the egg pushes itself through the cell membrane?

A

the sperm cell loses its tail

39
Q

What is created from fertilisation?

A

zygote

40
Q

What is the process called that the zygote undergoes to become an embryo?

A

mitosis

41
Q

Where does the embryo implant itself?

A

in the endometrium (in the uterus)

42
Q

What does the embryo develop in the uterus lining?

A
  • placenta

- amniotic sac

43
Q

When does the embryo become a foetus?

A

when the embryo becomes a recognisable human

44
Q

What does the placenta provide the foetus with?

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrients to the growing embryo
  • removes waste (urea, carbon dioxide)
  • secretes female hormones that maintain pregnancy
45
Q

How is the placenta joined to the foetus?

A

via the umbilical cord

46
Q

Does the mother’s blood mix with the foetus’s blood?

A

no

47
Q

What is the purpose of the amniotic sac?

A
  • encloses the developing embryo

- secretes a fluid called amniotic fluid which protects the developing embryo

IGCSE BIOLOGY MATS (16 decks)

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