3.A-Hypertension

Question 1

Which structure does all blood pass through before entering the right atrium?

Answer 1

vena cava (superior or inferior)

Question 2

Which artery is used to measure blood pressure?

Answer 2

brachial artery

Question 3

Which artery is responsible for the pulse in our neck?

Answer 3

carotid artery

Question 4

Which ventricle has a harder job and why?

Answer 4

left ventricle
the left ventricle works much harder than the right ventricle, the left ventricle has to pump out blood to the body

Question 5

Why does blood in the GI tract drain into the liver?

Answer 5

detoxification
external substances must be filtered before entering the venous pool

Question 6

Describe blood flood.

Answer 6

vena cava–>right atrium–>right ventricle–>pulmonary artery–>lungs–>pulmonary vein–>left atrium–>left ventricle–>aorta

Question 7

Which valve is found between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Answer 7

mitral valve

Question 8

Which valve is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Answer 8

tricuspid valve

Question 9

Which valve is found between the left ventricle and aorta?

Answer 9

aortic valve

Question 10

Which valve is found between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

Answer 10

pulmonary valve

Question 11

What would you expect to see if someone had mitral valve disease?

Answer 11

reduced cardiac output
less blood is being pushed into the aorta because blood is flowing back
this person would feel weak and tired

Question 12

What is the biggest job of heart valves?

Answer 12

preventing retrograde flow

Question 13

What is the best solution for valve dysfunction?

Answer 13

valve replacement surgery
-mechanical or biologic (mechanical needs long-term
anticoagulants)

Question 14

What is the job of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries?

Answer 14

deliver blood to tissues

Question 15

True or false: arteries, arterioles, and capillaries are always oxygenated

Answer 15

false
pulmonary artery

Question 16

True or false: arteries are low pressure and veins are high pressure

Answer 16

false
arteries are high pressure
veins are low pressure

Question 17

Describe the characteristics of capillaries in different tissues.

Answer 17

endocrine tissues, small intestine, kidneys
-free passage of substances up to 600nm in diameter

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, other tissue
-free passage of substances up to 10nm in diameter

brain
-tight junctions between endothelial cells
-little passive transport except H2O and CO2
-implications for drug distribution

Question 18

Describe characteristics of veins and venules.

Answer 18

lower pressure
valves that prevent retrograde flow
more pliable than arteries
54% of blood volume
venous tone influences venous return

Question 19

What is the role of the lymphatic system? What happens to the fluid?

Answer 19

drains fluid in tissues to prevent fluid accumulation and tests fluid for invaders
the fluid drains into the venous system

Question 20

What are the principles of BP measurement?

Answer 20

blood flow through an open artery is silent
closed arteries are silent also
turbulent flow makes noise

Question 21

Explain the steps of BP measurement.

Answer 21

Step 1:
-pump the cuff to close the brachial artery
-artery is closed when you cant hear anything
Step 2:
-slowly release the cuff
-watch the pressure in the cuff
-systolic blood pressure is when you start to hear noise
Step 3:
-listen and watch the pressure gauge
-diastolic blood pressure is when noise disappears

Question 22

Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Answer 22

systolic: pressure resulting from ventricular contraction
diastolic: pressure between contractions

Question 23

What is “normal” blood pressure?

Answer 23

120/80

Question 24

What is the best way to take blood pressure?

Answer 24

at rest with an electronic monitor

Question 25

How do you measure heart rate?

Answer 25

counter the number or beats in 60s
or count the number of beats in 30s and multiply by 2

Question 26

What is the benefit of intermittent high blood pressure?

Answer 26

at times we need high bp to complete activity
increase blood blow=more oxygen and glucose delivered to muscle

Question 27

What are some diseases that hypertension is a risk factor for?

Answer 27

heart attack
stroke
heart failure
atrial fibrillation
peripheral arterial disease

Question 28

Why is sustained high blood pressure a problem?

Answer 28

high blood pressure=more energy needed to pump blood
wasting energy for no added gain
damages tissues/cells

Question 29

What does the damage of hypertension result from?

Answer 29

increased afterload
arterial damage

Question 30

What is afterload?

Answer 30

the resistance against which blood is expelled

Question 31

What are the consequences of left ventricular dysfunction?

Answer 31

poor contraction, decreased cardiac output

Question 32

Other than hypertension, what is another way that afterload can be increased?

Answer 32

aortic valve stenosis

Question 33

How does hypertension cause arterial wall damage?

Answer 33

it damages endothelial cells that line arteries

Question 34

What are some arterial diseases that we become vulnerable to when we have arterial wall damage?

Answer 34

atherosclerosis
aneurysm
glomerular nephritis

Question 35

What is the basic concept of manual blood pressure management?

Answer 35

determined by sound heard upon slowly reducing pressure in the cuff
the pressure at which blood begins to flow again=the pressure in the vessel

Question 36

What is hypertension?

Answer 36

consistent high blood pressure readings at rest

Question 37

What are the consequences of increased afterload due to hypertension?

Answer 37

left ventricular systolic dysfunction
left ventricular hypertrophy
diastolic dysfunction
increased myocardial oxygen demand

Question 38

What are aneurysms a risk factor for?

Answer 38

bleeding