3.A-Hypertension Flashcards
Which structure does all blood pass through before entering the right atrium?
vena cava (superior or inferior)
Which artery is used to measure blood pressure?
brachial artery
Which artery is responsible for the pulse in our neck?
carotid artery
Which ventricle has a harder job and why?
left ventricle
the left ventricle works much harder than the right ventricle, the left ventricle has to pump out blood to the body
Why does blood in the GI tract drain into the liver?
detoxification
external substances must be filtered before entering the venous pool
Describe blood flood.
vena cava–>right atrium–>right ventricle–>pulmonary artery–>lungs–>pulmonary vein–>left atrium–>left ventricle–>aorta
Which valve is found between the left atrium and left ventricle?
mitral valve
Which valve is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Which valve is found between the left ventricle and aorta?
aortic valve
Which valve is found between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?
pulmonary valve
What would you expect to see if someone had mitral valve disease?
reduced cardiac output
less blood is being pushed into the aorta because blood is flowing back
this person would feel weak and tired
What is the biggest job of heart valves?
preventing retrograde flow
What is the best solution for valve dysfunction?
valve replacement surgery
-mechanical or biologic (mechanical needs long-term
anticoagulants)
What is the job of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries?
deliver blood to tissues
True or false: arteries, arterioles, and capillaries are always oxygenated
false
pulmonary artery
True or false: arteries are low pressure and veins are high pressure
false
arteries are high pressure
veins are low pressure
Describe the characteristics of capillaries in different tissues.
endocrine tissues, small intestine, kidneys
-free passage of substances up to 600nm in diameter
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, other tissue
-free passage of substances up to 10nm in diameter
brain
-tight junctions between endothelial cells
-little passive transport except H2O and CO2
-implications for drug distribution
Describe characteristics of veins and venules.
lower pressure
valves that prevent retrograde flow
more pliable than arteries
54% of blood volume
venous tone influences venous return
What is the role of the lymphatic system? What happens to the fluid?
drains fluid in tissues to prevent fluid accumulation and tests fluid for invaders
the fluid drains into the venous system
What are the principles of BP measurement?
blood flow through an open artery is silent
closed arteries are silent also
turbulent flow makes noise
Explain the steps of BP measurement.
Step 1:
-pump the cuff to close the brachial artery
-artery is closed when you cant hear anything
Step 2:
-slowly release the cuff
-watch the pressure in the cuff
-systolic blood pressure is when you start to hear noise
Step 3:
-listen and watch the pressure gauge
-diastolic blood pressure is when noise disappears
Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
systolic: pressure resulting from ventricular contraction
diastolic: pressure between contractions
What is “normal” blood pressure?
120/80
What is the best way to take blood pressure?
at rest with an electronic monitor
How do you measure heart rate?
counter the number or beats in 60s
or count the number of beats in 30s and multiply by 2
What is the benefit of intermittent high blood pressure?
at times we need high bp to complete activity
increase blood blow=more oxygen and glucose delivered to muscle
What are some diseases that hypertension is a risk factor for?
heart attack
stroke
heart failure
atrial fibrillation
peripheral arterial disease
Why is sustained high blood pressure a problem?
high blood pressure=more energy needed to pump blood
wasting energy for no added gain
damages tissues/cells
What does the damage of hypertension result from?
increased afterload
arterial damage
What is afterload?
the resistance against which blood is expelled
What are the consequences of left ventricular dysfunction?
poor contraction, decreased cardiac output
Other than hypertension, what is another way that afterload can be increased?
aortic valve stenosis
How does hypertension cause arterial wall damage?
it damages endothelial cells that line arteries
What are some arterial diseases that we become vulnerable to when we have arterial wall damage?
atherosclerosis
aneurysm
glomerular nephritis
What is the basic concept of manual blood pressure management?
determined by sound heard upon slowly reducing pressure in the cuff
the pressure at which blood begins to flow again=the pressure in the vessel
What is hypertension?
consistent high blood pressure readings at rest
What are the consequences of increased afterload due to hypertension?
left ventricular systolic dysfunction
left ventricular hypertrophy
diastolic dysfunction
increased myocardial oxygen demand
What are aneurysms a risk factor for?
bleeding
