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2.D Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the division of the nervous system.

A

nervous system is divided into CNS and PNS
CNS is divided into brain and spinal cord
PNS is divided into sensory and motor
motor is divided into autonomic and somatic
autonomic is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

Define the following: neuron, nerve, ganglia, plexus, synapse

A

neuron: the major cell type of the nervous system, excitable cell that processes and transmits information via chemical and/or electrical signals
nerve: bundle of neuronal axons
ganglia: structure containing multiple cell bodies linked by synapses
plexus: branched network of interconnecting nerves
synapse: meeting point of two neurons

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3
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

regulates autonomic functions of the body that occur without conscious control

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4
Q

Describe the characteristics of the autonomic nervous system.

A

distributed throughout the body
innervates the heart, blood vessels, glands, viscera, smooth muscle in some tissues
made up of nerves, ganglia, and plexuses
sub-divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What are a few things that the autonomic nervous system controls?

A

changes in stomach secretions
changing heart rate
redistributing blood
effecting body temperature

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6
Q

What are the rations of pre-ganglionic neurons to ganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic is 1:1
sympathetic is 1:20

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6
Q

What are the rations of pre-ganglionic neurons to ganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic is 1:1
sympathetic is 1:20

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7
Q

True or false: parasympathetic fibers ramify and its terminals contact large numbers of post-ganglionic neurons

A

false
this is describing sympathetic fibers

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8
Q

What are the phrases used to describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetic: fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest and digest

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

thoracolumbar system
ganglia are located near the spinal column
pre-ganglionic axons are short
post-ganglionic axons are long
rapid coordination of multiple organ systems

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10
Q

What happens to the sympathetic nervous system during a moment of stress?

A
  1. signal is propagated along efferent nerves of the brain and pre-ganglionic neuron to the ganglion
  2. at the ganglion the pre-ganglionic neurons release ACh into synapses
  3. stimulates action potentials in the post-ganglionic neurons
  4. signal is propagated along post-ganglionic neuron to effector organ
  5. at the effector organ the post-ganglionic neurons release NE
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11
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released by the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

pre: acetylcholine
post: norepinephrine

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12
Q

What happens on a system level when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

pupils dilate
salivary glands are inhibited
heart rate increases
breath rate increases
blood flow is directed to the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle
blood flow is directed away from the stomach, intestines, and sex organs
piloerection

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13
Q

Describe the anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

craniosacral system
pre-ganglionic axons are long
post-ganglionic axons are short
distributed regulation of specific organ systems

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14
Q

True or false: the parasympathetic nervous system is activated by the presence of relaxation

A

false
activated by absence of stress

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15
Q

What happens to the parasympathetic nervous system during the absence of stress?

A
  1. signal is propagated along efferent nerves of the brain and pre-ganglionic neuron to the ganglion
  2. at the ganglion the pre-ganglionic neurons release ACh into the synapse
  3. stimulates action potentials in the post-ganglionic neurons
  4. signal is propagated along post-ganglionic neuron to effector organ
  5. at the effector organ the post-ganglionic neurons release ACh
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16
Q

What happens on a system level when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

pupils constrict
salivary glands are activated
heart rate decreases
breath rate decreases
digestion and peristalsis increases
blood flow to the sex organs increases

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17
Q

Which receptors does norepinephrine act on? Describe these receptors.

A

alpha receptors:
-smooth muscle cells of organs & blood vessels around organs
-NE binds to alpha receptors=constrict=less blood flow

beta receptors:
-heart & blood vessels around lungs & muscle
-NE binds to beta receptors=relax=more blood flow

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18
Q

What is happening when ACh is released onto the adrenal glands?

A

the adrenal medulla releases NE and epinephrine into the bloodstream so now these molecules are hormones and they boost the sympathetic response but in a MUCH SLOWER manner

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19
Q

What is the difference between a hormone and neurotransmitter?

A

neurotransmitter: compound released into synapse
hormone: compound released into blood stream

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20
Q

True or false: a compound can be a neurotransmitter and hormone but it depends on the job it is completing

A

true

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21
Q

What are the key receptors of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

alpha and beta

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22
Q

What are the key receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

muscarinic M1-M5
nicotinic Nn-Nm

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23
Q

What are the key receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

muscarinic M1-M5
nicotinic Nn-Nm

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24
Describe the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system.
muscarinic receptors: -M1-M5 -metabotropic G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) -work by altering Ca and K flux and altering secondary messengers like cAMP nicotinic receptors -Nn(neuron)-Nm(muscle) -ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels -increase Na, K, and Ca permeability into the cell
25
True or false: most PNS nerves pass through the spinal cord
false cranial nerves go from the brain almost to the effector organ
26
Describe all 12 cranial nerves.
1. olfactory: scents from nose to the brain (sensory) 2. optic: vision from eye to brain (sensory) 3. oculomotor: moves 4/6 eye muscles (motor) 4. trochlear: moves eyes down (motor) 5. trigeminal: face and jaw (both) 6. abducens: moves eyes side to side (motor) 7. facial: muscles for facial expression (both) 8. auditory: info from cochlea to brain (sensory) 9. glossopharyngeal: tongue and pharynx (both) 10. vagus: heart, digestive tract (both) 11. spinoaccessory: head and shoulder movement (motor) 12. hypoglossal: swallowing reflex and speech (motor)
27
Where do the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve relay sensory information to?
solitrary tract nucleus
28
Which cranial nerves pass through the solitary tract nucleus?
facial trigeminal glossopharyngeal vagus
29
True or false: the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are agonistic
false they are antagonistic
30
Describe junctional transmission.
1. neurotransmitter is packed into synaptic vesicles at the axon 2. transmitter crosses synaptic cleft, interacts with receptor and evokes a response from the post-synaptic neuron 3. summation of responses evoked by transmitter results in a change in the post-synaptic neuron 4. enzymes, reuptake pumps, or simple diffusion limit the transmitters signal
31
List some characteristics of receptors.
selective in their ligand binding modifiable when ligand binds receptor site is the location of binding
32
Define the following: receptor, receptor site, effector, spare receptor, agonist, antagonist, constitutive activity
receptor: molecule to which drug binds and brings change to the biological system receptor site: specific region of the receptor where drug binds effector: component that accomplishes the biological effect spare receptor: receptor that does not bind agonist when drug concentration is sufficient to produce maximal effect agonist: drug that activates its receptor antagonist: drug that binds without activating receptor and prevents activation constitutive activity: receptor-effector activity without agonists
33
How are receptors regulated?
number, location, interaction with effectors desensitization (tachyphylaxis) internalization (recycled) substrate depletion down or up-regulation
34
Differentiate between metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptors.
metabotropic receptors: -G protein coupled receptors -slower, modulatory response -single 7 helix subunit -ex: mAChR ionotropic receptors: -ligand gated ion channels -rapid response -oligomeric (>1 subunit) -ex: nAChR
35
Describe cholinergic transmission.
1. acetylcholine synthesis: choline acetyltransferase -ChAT transfer acetyl group from acetyl CoA onto choline 2. choline transport and storage: choline transporter & vesicular ACh transporter -CHT1 brings choline into axon (ATP-dependent, rate limiting) -VAChT bring ACh into synaptic vesicles (ATP-dependent) 3. release of ACh by SNAREs: VAMPs & SNAPs -when an axon terminal depolarizes... -->voltage gated Ca channel opens -->allows for interaction between VAMPs and SNAPs -->fusion occurs, allowing ACh to exit cell by exocytosis 4. ACh binds the receptor 5. ACh degradation: acetylcholinesterase -ACh is broken down quickly in the synaptic cleft -->AChE hydrolyzes ACh to acetate and choline (get recycled)
36
What inhibits CHT1?
hemicholinium
37
What inhibits VACht?
vesamicol
38
What inhibits ACh release?
botulinum toxin
39
What do VAMPs and SNAPs stand for?
vesicular-associated membrane proteins synaptosome associated proteins
40
How long is ACh present in the synapse or neuromuscular junction?
less than 1 millisecond
41
Describe nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
5 homologous subunits form a Na-K pore Na-K is opened by agonist subdivided based on location and ability to bind bungarotoxin
42
Are fetal muscle-type nAChR the same as adult ones?
no, different subunits transition into adult nAChR decreases ACh affinity
43
Where do you find neuronal-type nAChR?
peripheral ganglia, adrenal medulla, and brain
44
Describe Gq-coupled GPCRs.
M 1,3,5 -ACh activates Gq -Gq activation releases calcium -calcium release causes muscle contraction
45
Describe Gi-coupled GPCRs.
M 2,4 -activates K channels -inhibits Ca channels -blocks cAMP =net effect of hyperpolarization
46
What are cholinomimetics clinically useful for?
glaucoma loss of normal function in bowel and bladder smoking cessation
47
What happens with muscarinic toxicitiy?
miosis bronchoconstriction excessive GI activity sweating vasodilation bradycardia followed by tachycardia
48
What happens with nicotinic toxicity?
fasciculations and paralysis stimulation followed by depression addiction
49
What happens when we inhibit AChE?
DUMBBELSS diarrhea urination miosis bronchoconstriction bradycardia excitation lacrimation salivation sweating
50
What are the catacholamines?
NE, epinephrine, dopamine
51
What do the actions of catecholamines have therapeutic utility for?
hypertension, mental disorders, bronchospasm
52
Describe catecholamine synthesis.
-tyrosine transported into cell -tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase -DOPA converted to dopamine by AAADC -dopamine transported into vesicle VMAT2 -dopamine converted to NE by dopamine hydroxylase -NE converted to epinephrine by PNMT in chromaffin cells
53
What is the rate-limiting step of adrenergic transmission.
tyrosine hydroxylase
54
List the steps in adrenergic transmission.
catecholamine synthesis catecholamine storage catecholamine uptake release of NE by SNAREs regulation of NE release termination of NE release
55
Describe catecholamine storage.
regulated by vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) -pH dependent pump (exchanges 2H per catecholamine) -catecholamines feedback on TH to prevent more production -TH deficient humans: rigidity and hypokinesia -dopamine hydroxylase deficient humans: orthostatic hypotension -reserpine is a VMAT2 inhibitor
56
Describe catecholamine uptake.
regulated by norepinephrine transporter (NET) -Na dependent reuptake pump -inhibited by TCAs and cocaine -methamphetamines inhibits or reverse
57
Rank the catecholamines in their affinity for NET.
dopamine>NE>epinephrine
58
Describe the release of NE by SNAREs.
regulated by VAMPs and SNAPs -voltage gated Ca channels open -Ca allows for interaction between VAMPs and SNAPs -membrane fusion occurs, allowing NE to exit by exocytosis
59
What happens if we inhibit N-type Ca channels?
hypotension due to reduced NE
60
Describe autoreceptors in adrenergic transmission.
a receptor that is present on the same cell as the released transmitter
61
Which adrenergic receptors inhibit NE release? Which enhance NE release?
inhibit: a2A, a2B, a2C enhance: B2
62
How much NE is recycled? Which transporter does this?
87% NET
63
Which enzymes inhibit NE release?
MAO and COMT
64
Which adrenergic receptors are Gq-coupled GPCRs? What does their mechanism look like?
a-1A,B,D mechanism is same to Gq-coupled receptors in cholinergic transmission end result is contraction via Ca release
65
Which adrenergic receptors are Gi-coupled GPCRs? What is their mechanism/end result?
a-2A,B,C hyperpolarization via inhibition of Ca channels and secondary messengers and activation of K channels
66
Which adrenergic receptors are Gs-coupled GPCRs? What is their mechanism/end result?
b-1,2,3 excitability via activation of Ca channels and secondary messengers and inhibition of K channels
67
Explain desensitization in regards to catecholamines.
repeated exposure of catecholamines-sensitive tissue to agonist causes a progressive diminution of response
68
What are the two types of nicotinic receptors? State where you would find them, their mechanism, and major functions.
Nn -location: ANS ganglia -mechanism: Na-K ion channel -function: depolarize, evoke an AP Nm -location: neuromuscular endplate -mechanism: Na-K ion channel -function: depolarize, evoke an AP
69
What are the types of muscarinic receptors? State where you would find them, their mechanism, and major functions.
M1 -location: CNS, ANS ganglia -mechanism: Gq-coupled -function: depolarization of autonomic ganglia, increase gastric secretion M2 -location: heart, CNS, smooth muscle -mechanism: Gi-coupled -function: hyperpolarize the heart (decrease HR), contract smooth muscle M3 -location: smooth muscle -mechanism: Gq-coupled -function: contract smooth muscle, M4 -location: CNS -mechanism: Gi-coupled -function: inhibit neurotransmitter release M5 -location: CNS, substantia nigra -mechanism: Gq-coupled -function: dopamine release

PHAR121 (17 decks)

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