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PHAR121 > 1.B > Flashcards

1.B Flashcards

1
Q

Are inflammation and immunity the same thing?

A

no, however they are intertwined

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2
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the production of all the cellular components of blood and plasma
precursor is pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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4
Q

When HSCs are exposed to cytokines and stromal cells, what can they differentiate into?

A

megakaryocytes—>platelets
erythrocytes
leukocytes—>lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

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5
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies against it

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

an organism that causes disease

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7
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

a type of cell capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria or other small particles

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8
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

the host defence mechanism that are immediately available on exposure to pathogens
always present
first responders that are constantly surveying

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9
Q

What are the cell types of innate immunity?

A

granulocytes
mononuclear phagocytes
natural killer cells
dendritic cells

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10
Q

What is the function of granulocytes?

A

first cells to arrive at the site of injury
have granules in their cytoplasm
they engulf and kill pathogens with their granules that can kill a pathogen or enhance immune response

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11
Q

What are examples of granulocytes? Something about each of them?

A

neutrophils: phagocytize microbial invaders
eosinophils: phagocytize parasites, boost immune response
mast cells: histamine release, located in mucous membranes
basophils: similar to mast cells, boost immune response

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12
Q

What type of membrane are you likely to find mast cells? What are some examples of this?

A

mucous membranes exposed to environment
ex: nose

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13
Q

What are examples of mononuclear phagocytes?

A

monocytes
macrophages

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14
Q

How does a monocyte become a macrophage?

A

monocytes circulate in blood and then migrate to tissue, once in tissue they grow into a macrophage

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15
Q

What is the function of mononuclear phagocytes?

A

engulf and eliminate pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris
release pro-inflammatory molecules to recruit more cells to the site of injury

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16
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes that target tumor and virus-infected cells (not a specific antigen)
they recognize abnormal expression of surface molecules on DAMAGED cells

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17
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

A

stimulate the adaptive immune response
immature dendritic cells capture pathogens via phagocytosis
mature dendritic cells present antigens to T-cells

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18
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

the acquired immune system (antigen specificity)
more complex due to antigen processing and recognition

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19
Q

What are the two major cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

B and T

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20
Q

Describe the process that B cells undergo when they encounter a pathogen.

A

naive B cell encounters a pathogen and binds to it with its immunoglobulin
B cell multiplies
B cell differentiates into plasma cells or memory B cells

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21
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

short-lived and secrete antibodies to respond to the specific pathogen

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22
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

long-lived and responsible for a quick secondary response of the pathogen

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23
Q

Describe how T-cells function.

A

they express receptors that only recognize antigens that are expressed by dendritic cells or any other antigen presenting cell (don’t respond independently, pathogen has to be identified by someone else)

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24
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A

cytotoxic CD8+ (destroy infected host cells)
helper CD4+ (secrete cytokines to enhance other cells)
memory T cells (long lived and mount quick response)

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25
Q

True or false: memory T cells do not persist for years and take a long time to mount an immune response

A

cap
they persist for years and mount a quick response

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26
Q

Are antibodies and immunoglobulins free floating or part of the membrane?

A

antibodies=free floating
immunoglobulins=part of the membrane (transmembrane domaine)

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27
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood
it collects fluid that leaks out of blood vessels and brings this fluid to a secondary lymphoid tissue such as a lymph node where the fluid gets filtered and then returned to the bloodstream

28
Q

Which direction does the lymphatic system go?

A

upward

29
Q

Do B and T cells travel in the lymph or blood?

A

both

30
Q

What is the role of primary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocyte maturation and development

31
Q

In which tissue does lymphocyte maturation and development occur?

A

bone marrow and thymus
B cells: develop+mature in bone marrow
T cells: originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus

32
Q

What guides the maturation of lymphocytes?

A

interleukins

33
Q

What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

where mature lymphocytes interact with antigen presenting cells (where antigen is presented to mature lymphocytes)

34
Q

What are some examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix

35
Q

What is the significance of a swollen lymph node?

A

infection

36
Q

Describe lymphocyte recirculation

A
  1. B and T cells develop in bone marrow and thymus—>enter blood stream
  2. when they reach secondary lymphoid organ, they enter it (antigen detected=stays and activates, no antigen=re-enter bloodstream0
  3. allows continuous monitoring for infection
37
Q

What is an auto-immune disorder?

A

the immune system has identified something as an antigen that it shouldnt

38
Q

What is typically the treatment for autoimmune disorders?

A

anti-inflammatories
immuno-suppressants (sometimes)

39
Q

True or false: antimicrobial treatment revolves around specific immune cells

A

cap
it revolves around specific micro-organisms

40
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which bacteria can cause disease?

A

rapid growth
releasing a toxin

41
Q

How are antibiotics classified?

A

medicinal chemistry structure
mechanism of action

42
Q

What is a bactericidal antibiotic?

A

an antibiotic that kills/destroys the bacteria

43
Q

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

an antibiotic that slows down the growth of bacteria, it helps the immune system dispose of the bacteria

44
Q

Give an example of a health condition where a bacteriostatic antibiotic would not be effective.

A

an immunosuppressed patient

45
Q

Differ broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

A

broad-spectrum are effective against a wide variety of bacteria, narrow-spectrum are effective against very specific bacteria

46
Q

True or false: pencillins and beta-lactams are different things

A

false, they are the same

47
Q

What is an easy way to identify an antibiotic being a penicillin?

A

it ends in “-cillin”

48
Q

What do penicillin’s target? How do they do this?

A

they disrupt bacteria cell walls (bactericidal)
they bind to the penicillin-binding protein which weakens the cell and then fluid enters

49
Q

What component of a penicillin is necessary for their activity?

A

beta-lactam ring

50
Q

What is a bacteria’s natural defence to penicillin?

A

beta-lactamase

51
Q

Which antibiotic is good for fighting penicillin resistance? Which component of the drug allows for this?

A

Amoxiclav (amoxicillin+clavulanic acid)
clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase

52
Q

What type of drug is cyclosporine? What is its common usage?

A

immuno-suppressant
transplants

53
Q

True or false: cyclosporine is very specific

A

false, it suppresses the entire immune system

54
Q

What type of drug is methotrexate? What does it target?

A

immuno-suppressant
targets DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication (actively proliferating cells)

55
Q

What are some conditions where methotrexate is used?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
psoriasis
Crohns disease

56
Q

What is meant by “blocking”?

A

binding to a receptor with no biological response

57
Q

How do antihistamines work?

A

they block histamine receptors
no effect on histamine release

58
Q

What is histamine?

A

a bioactive amine packed in dense intracellular granules

59
Q

Where are H1 receptors?

A

smooth muscle of vascular tissue, bronchial tree, digestive tract, nasal glands

60
Q

Which histamine receptor are we targeting for allergies?

A

H1

61
Q

What are some characteristics of 1st gen antihistamines? Some examples?

A

block H1 receptors, short acting, drowsiness, work fast, used to treat allergic response, sedation
diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine

62
Q

What are some characteristics of 2nd gen antihistamines? Some examples?

A

block H1 receptors, long acting, less sedating, takes longer to start, taken daily
cetirizine (Reactine), loratidine (Claritin), desloratidine, fexofenadine

63
Q

True or false: there are allergy medications specific to certain allergies such as cats, dogs, grass, etc

A

false, they are all H1 receptor blockers

64
Q

True or false: natural killer cells will target a specific antigen

A

false, they target tumour and virus-infected cells

65
Q

What is the MOA of cyclosporine? How is this useful for patients with transplants or autoimmune disorders?

A

it targets IL-2, which is an interleukin important in B and T cell proliferation and maturation
preventing the maturation of B and T cells leads to less immune cells that can attack the foreign organ in a transplant or less immune cells that are self-attacking in an autoimmune disorder

PHAR121 (17 decks)

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