1.B

Question 1

Are inflammation and immunity the same thing?

Answer 1

no, however they are intertwined

Question 2

Where do all blood cells come from?

Answer 2

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Question 3

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 3

the production of all the cellular components of blood and plasma
precursor is pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Question 4

When HSCs are exposed to cytokines and stromal cells, what can they differentiate into?

Answer 4

megakaryocytes—>platelets
erythrocytes
leukocytes—>lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 5

What is an antigen?

Answer 5

any substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies against it

Question 6

What is a pathogen?

Answer 6

an organism that causes disease

Question 7

What is a phagocyte?

Answer 7

a type of cell capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria or other small particles

Question 8

What is innate immunity?

Answer 8

the host defence mechanism that are immediately available on exposure to pathogens
always present
first responders that are constantly surveying

Question 9

What are the cell types of innate immunity?

Answer 9

granulocytes
mononuclear phagocytes
natural killer cells
dendritic cells

Question 10

What is the function of granulocytes?

Answer 10

first cells to arrive at the site of injury
have granules in their cytoplasm
they engulf and kill pathogens with their granules that can kill a pathogen or enhance immune response

Question 11

What are examples of granulocytes? Something about each of them?

Answer 11

neutrophils: phagocytize microbial invaders
eosinophils: phagocytize parasites, boost immune response
mast cells: histamine release, located in mucous membranes
basophils: similar to mast cells, boost immune response

Question 12

What type of membrane are you likely to find mast cells? What are some examples of this?

Answer 12

mucous membranes exposed to environment
ex: nose

Question 13

What are examples of mononuclear phagocytes?

Answer 13

monocytes
macrophages

Question 14

How does a monocyte become a macrophage?

Answer 14

monocytes circulate in blood and then migrate to tissue, once in tissue they grow into a macrophage

Question 15

What is the function of mononuclear phagocytes?

Answer 15

engulf and eliminate pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris
release pro-inflammatory molecules to recruit more cells to the site of injury

Question 16

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 16

cytotoxic lymphocytes that target tumor and virus-infected cells (not a specific antigen)
they recognize abnormal expression of surface molecules on DAMAGED cells

Question 17

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

Answer 17

stimulate the adaptive immune response
immature dendritic cells capture pathogens via phagocytosis
mature dendritic cells present antigens to T-cells

Question 18

What is the adaptive immune system?

Answer 18

the acquired immune system (antigen specificity)
more complex due to antigen processing and recognition

Question 19

What are the two major cells of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 19

B and T

Question 20

Describe the process that B cells undergo when they encounter a pathogen.

Answer 20

naive B cell encounters a pathogen and binds to it with its immunoglobulin
B cell multiplies
B cell differentiates into plasma cells or memory B cells

Question 21

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 21

short-lived and secrete antibodies to respond to the specific pathogen

Question 22

What do memory B cells do?

Answer 22

long-lived and responsible for a quick secondary response of the pathogen

Question 23

Describe how T-cells function.

Answer 23

they express receptors that only recognize antigens that are expressed by dendritic cells or any other antigen presenting cell (don’t respond independently, pathogen has to be identified by someone else)

Question 24

What are the three types of T cells?

Answer 24

cytotoxic CD8+ (destroy infected host cells)
helper CD4+ (secrete cytokines to enhance other cells)
memory T cells (long lived and mount quick response)

Question 25

True or false: memory T cells do not persist for years and take a long time to mount an immune response

Answer 25

cap they persist for years and mount a quick response

Question 26

Are antibodies and immunoglobulins free floating or part of the membrane?

Answer 26

antibodies=free floating immunoglobulins=part of the membrane (transmembrane domaine)

Question 27

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 27

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood it collects fluid that leaks out of blood vessels and brings this fluid to a secondary lymphoid tissue such as a lymph node where the fluid gets filtered and then returned to the bloodstream

Question 28

Which direction does the lymphatic system go?

Answer 28

upward

Question 29

Do B and T cells travel in the lymph or blood?

Answer 29

both

Question 30

What is the role of primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 30

lymphocyte maturation and development

Question 31

In which tissue does lymphocyte maturation and development occur?

Answer 31

bone marrow and thymus B cells: develop+mature in bone marrow T cells: originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus

Question 32

What guides the maturation of lymphocytes?

Answer 32

interleukins

Question 33

What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 33

where mature lymphocytes interact with antigen presenting cells (where antigen is presented to mature lymphocytes)

Question 34

What are some examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 34

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix

Question 35

What is the significance of a swollen lymph node?

Answer 35

infection

Question 36

Describe lymphocyte recirculation

Answer 36

1. B and T cells develop in bone marrow and thymus--->enter blood stream 2. when they reach secondary lymphoid organ, they enter it (antigen detected=stays and activates, no antigen=re-enter bloodstream0 3. allows continuous monitoring for infection

Question 37

What is an auto-immune disorder?

Answer 37

the immune system has identified something as an antigen that it shouldnt

Question 38

What is typically the treatment for autoimmune disorders?

Answer 38

anti-inflammatories immuno-suppressants (sometimes)

Question 39

True or false: antimicrobial treatment revolves around specific immune cells

Answer 39

cap it revolves around specific micro-organisms

Question 40

What are the two mechanisms by which bacteria can cause disease?

Answer 40

rapid growth releasing a toxin

Question 41

How are antibiotics classified?

Answer 41

medicinal chemistry structure mechanism of action

Question 42

What is a bactericidal antibiotic?

Answer 42

an antibiotic that kills/destroys the bacteria

Question 43

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

Answer 43

an antibiotic that slows down the growth of bacteria, it helps the immune system dispose of the bacteria

Question 44

Give an example of a health condition where a bacteriostatic antibiotic would not be effective.

Answer 44

an immunosuppressed patient

Question 45

Differ broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

Answer 45

broad-spectrum are effective against a wide variety of bacteria, narrow-spectrum are effective against very specific bacteria

Question 46

True or false: pencillins and beta-lactams are different things

Answer 46

false, they are the same

Question 47

What is an easy way to identify an antibiotic being a penicillin?

Answer 47

it ends in "-cillin"

Question 48

What do penicillin's target? How do they do this?

Answer 48

they disrupt bacteria cell walls (bactericidal) they bind to the penicillin-binding protein which weakens the cell and then fluid enters

Question 49

What component of a penicillin is necessary for their activity?

Answer 49

beta-lactam ring

Question 50

What is a bacteria's natural defence to penicillin?

Answer 50

beta-lactamase

Question 51

Which antibiotic is good for fighting penicillin resistance? Which component of the drug allows for this?

Answer 51

Amoxiclav (amoxicillin+clavulanic acid) clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase

Question 52

What type of drug is cyclosporine? What is its common usage?

Answer 52

immuno-suppressant transplants

Question 53

True or false: cyclosporine is very specific

Answer 53

false, it suppresses the entire immune system

Question 54

What type of drug is methotrexate? What does it target?

Answer 54

immuno-suppressant targets DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication (actively proliferating cells)

Question 55

What are some conditions where methotrexate is used?

Answer 55

rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis Crohns disease

Question 56

What is meant by "blocking"?

Answer 56

binding to a receptor with no biological response

Question 57

How do antihistamines work?

Answer 57

they block histamine receptors no effect on histamine release

Question 58

What is histamine?

Answer 58

a bioactive amine packed in dense intracellular granules

Question 59

Where are H1 receptors?

Answer 59

smooth muscle of vascular tissue, bronchial tree, digestive tract, nasal glands

Question 60

Which histamine receptor are we targeting for allergies?

Answer 60

H1

Question 61

What are some characteristics of 1st gen antihistamines? Some examples?

Answer 61

block H1 receptors, short acting, drowsiness, work fast, used to treat allergic response, sedation diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine

Question 62

What are some characteristics of 2nd gen antihistamines? Some examples?

Answer 62

block H1 receptors, long acting, less sedating, takes longer to start, taken daily cetirizine (Reactine), loratidine (Claritin), desloratidine, fexofenadine

Question 63

True or false: there are allergy medications specific to certain allergies such as cats, dogs, grass, etc

Answer 63

false, they are all H1 receptor blockers

Question 64

True or false: natural killer cells will target a specific antigen

Answer 64

false, they target tumour and virus-infected cells

Question 65

What is the MOA of cyclosporine? How is this useful for patients with transplants or autoimmune disorders?

Answer 65

it targets IL-2, which is an interleukin important in B and T cell proliferation and maturation preventing the maturation of B and T cells leads to less immune cells that can attack the foreign organ in a transplant or less immune cells that are self-attacking in an autoimmune disorder