1.A Flashcards
What is disease?
any compromise to the normal function of the body and systems, a change from homeostasis
Differentiate between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology.
anatomic pathology is the study of structural changes caused by disease, clinical pathology is the study of the function aspects of disease
Define idiopathic.
unknown etiology
Define iatrogenic.
disease is physician-caused
What is a symptom?
a complaint reported by the patient
What is a sign?
direct observation by examiner
What is a syndrome?
a combination of signs, symptoms, and data to support
Differentiate between prevalence and incidence.
prevalence is the # of persons with a disease at a given time, incidence is the # of new cases per year
What is the difference between sick and healthy?
the presence or absence of disease
Differentiate between normal and abnormal.
normal range is based on a sample of people without the disease, this normal range is then used to make clinical judgements according to differences in each patient with the understanding that normal range differs for everyone
What is a true positive and false positive?
a true positive is the presence of the disease when the disease is actually present, a false positive is the presence of the disease when the disease isnt actually present
What is a true negative and a false negative?
a true negative is the absence of disease when the disease is actually absent, a false negative is the absence of disease when the disease is actually present
What is test sensitivity?
the ability of a test to be positive in the presence of disease
What is test specificity?
the ability of a test to be negative in the absence of disease
What is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity?
highly sensitive tests are not very specific and vice versa
What is the meaning of normal range in medical tests
used to determine if an individuals results are normal or abnormal, upper limit is 2SD above the mean and lower limit is 2SD below the range
Define homeostasis.
maintenance of steady state by the bodys internal control systems
How does diffusion maintain cellular homeostasis?
cellular food diffuses into the cell
waste diffuses out of the cell
How does osmosis maintain cellular homeostasis?
maintains water balance necessary for chemical reactions
balance the concentration of other molecules
How does active transport maintain cellular homeostasis?
get needed materials into the cell
List the adaptations of cells to changing conditions with an example for each.
atrophy: a reduction in the size of cells (muscle disuse)
hypertrophy: increase in the size of cells (weight lifting)
hyperplasia: increase in tissue/organ size due to increased cell # (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
metaplasia: change from one cell type to another type that is better able to tolerate a new environment (ciliated columnar epithelial lining of trachea of a smoker changes to squamous epithelium=better protection)
dysplasia: development and maturation of cells are disturbed and abnormal (chronic irritation)
increased enzyme synthesis: increased demand to cell to synthesize more enzyme from smooth ER (alcoholism)
True or false: wherever sodium goes, water follows
fact
What is the first sign of cellular injury?
cell swelling or fatty change
Explain how swelling and fatty change can lead to cellular injury.
Swelling: transport mechanism fails, sodium and water enter the cell–>swelling
fatty change: enzyme systems are impaired->accumulation of fat droplets in cytoplasm
When does necrosis occur?
when injury is not reversible
What is a common sign that pathologists use to identify necrosis?
calcium deposits in tissue
What is apoptosis and what occurs when apoptosis doesnt occur when it should?
Apoptosis: programmed cell destruction, totally normal
if apoptosis doesnt occur when it should–>disease
True or false: apoptosis provokes a host response
false
it can be initiated by an immune response
What is the Hayflick limit?
normal cells undergo a fixed number of divisions before they undergo apoptosis
Which cells are immune to the Hayflick limit?
stem cells
Which type of cells are incapable of division?
neurons
True of false: a cell must be injured to die
false (apoptosis)
