Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR121 > 1.A > Flashcards

1.A Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease?

A

any compromise to the normal function of the body and systems, a change from homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentiate between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology.

A

anatomic pathology is the study of structural changes caused by disease, clinical pathology is the study of the function aspects of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define idiopathic.

A

unknown etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define iatrogenic.

A

disease is physician-caused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a symptom?

A

a complaint reported by the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a sign?

A

direct observation by examiner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

a combination of signs, symptoms, and data to support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiate between prevalence and incidence.

A

prevalence is the # of persons with a disease at a given time, incidence is the # of new cases per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between sick and healthy?

A

the presence or absence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differentiate between normal and abnormal.

A

normal range is based on a sample of people without the disease, this normal range is then used to make clinical judgements according to differences in each patient with the understanding that normal range differs for everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a true positive and false positive?

A

a true positive is the presence of the disease when the disease is actually present, a false positive is the presence of the disease when the disease isnt actually present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a true negative and a false negative?

A

a true negative is the absence of disease when the disease is actually absent, a false negative is the absence of disease when the disease is actually present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is test sensitivity?

A

the ability of a test to be positive in the presence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is test specificity?

A

the ability of a test to be negative in the absence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity?

A

highly sensitive tests are not very specific and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the meaning of normal range in medical tests

A

used to determine if an individuals results are normal or abnormal, upper limit is 2SD above the mean and lower limit is 2SD below the range

17
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

maintenance of steady state by the bodys internal control systems

18
Q

How does diffusion maintain cellular homeostasis?

A

cellular food diffuses into the cell
waste diffuses out of the cell

19
Q

How does osmosis maintain cellular homeostasis?

A

maintains water balance necessary for chemical reactions
balance the concentration of other molecules

20
Q

How does active transport maintain cellular homeostasis?

A

get needed materials into the cell

21
Q

List the adaptations of cells to changing conditions with an example for each.

A

atrophy: a reduction in the size of cells (muscle disuse)
hypertrophy: increase in the size of cells (weight lifting)
hyperplasia: increase in tissue/organ size due to increased cell # (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
metaplasia: change from one cell type to another type that is better able to tolerate a new environment (ciliated columnar epithelial lining of trachea of a smoker changes to squamous epithelium=better protection)
dysplasia: development and maturation of cells are disturbed and abnormal (chronic irritation)
increased enzyme synthesis: increased demand to cell to synthesize more enzyme from smooth ER (alcoholism)

22
Q

True or false: wherever sodium goes, water follows

A

fact

23
Q

What is the first sign of cellular injury?

A

cell swelling or fatty change

24
Q

Explain how swelling and fatty change can lead to cellular injury.

A

Swelling: transport mechanism fails, sodium and water enter the cell–>swelling
fatty change: enzyme systems are impaired->accumulation of fat droplets in cytoplasm

25
Q

When does necrosis occur?

A

when injury is not reversible

26
Q

What is a common sign that pathologists use to identify necrosis?

A

calcium deposits in tissue

27
Q

What is apoptosis and what occurs when apoptosis doesnt occur when it should?

A

Apoptosis: programmed cell destruction, totally normal
if apoptosis doesnt occur when it should–>disease

28
Q

True or false: apoptosis provokes a host response

A

false
it can be initiated by an immune response

29
Q

What is the Hayflick limit?

A

normal cells undergo a fixed number of divisions before they undergo apoptosis

30
Q

Which cells are immune to the Hayflick limit?

A

stem cells

31
Q

Which type of cells are incapable of division?

A

neurons

32
Q

True of false: a cell must be injured to die

A

false (apoptosis)

PHAR121 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions