3.9 Nutrition and Health - T3

Question 1

Impact of diseases on protein requirements

Answer 1

Thin =
- not depositing muscle protein
- using protein
- req are lower

Question 2

Disease vs. feed intake- what is the impact?

Answer 2

Sick = lower FI

Question 3

Disease vs. protein
- What is the impact?
- What happens if we feed more lysine to sick pigs?

Answer 3

• When sick animals deposit less protein = req are lower
• Even if you supplement more lys, protein deposition might increase a little bit but it will still be lower

Question 4

Disease vs energy requirements

Answer 4

Not only will the pigs have a lower FI, but will also have higher maintenance req due to immune activation

Question 5

Infection induces what kind of immune response? What does cortisol tell you? What does plasma urea nitrogen tell you?

Answer 5

• Macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6) that increase hepatic synthesis of acute pase protein and triglycerides
• Cortisol indicates stress
• Plasma urea nitrogen is about muscle tissue degradation

Question 6

Nutrition and immune regulation

Answer 6

1. Cytokine manipulation
   - achieved using polyunsaturated FAs to reduce intensity of proinflammatory responses
   - vit E to reduce free radicals
2. Increase in immune responses = reduction in protein synthesis
3. FI reduces = reduces barrier fxn
   - this is why we would want to reduce a pro-inflammatory response
4. Antibiotics and additives can be used to try and reduce immune activation

Question 7

What are the 2 important attributes of microbiota?

Answer 7

1. Colonization resistance
   - stable microflora makes it harder for new-comers to be stable
   - antibiotic treatment, diet changes, ANFs, and mycotoxins can all reduce diversity
2. An ecosystem on a leash
   - host and microbiome co-exist
   - bacteria are useful for vitamin syn and fiber degradation
   - hosts don’t want to die -> modulation of immune responses
   - commensal bacteria don’t want hosts to die

Question 8

Microbes evolve to persist. It is expected that animal that host a beneficial microbiota will be more likely to…

Answer 8

Survive, grow, reproduce and transmit the beneficial microbes to the next-generation

Question 9

Do we need microbiota to provide vitamins?

Answer 9

No
- they can but premixes are cheap and efficient

Question 10

What 3 nutrients are provided by microbes?

Answer 10

1. Vitamins
   - folate, B12,
2. SCFA
   - acetate, propionate and butyrate
   - fat, glucose and energy source
   - shifting N excretion from urea to bacterial protein in feces
3. Microbial protein

Question 11

Which pigs get more energy from SCFA? In which category is satiety of importance?

Answer 11

Gestating sows satiety is important (bc they are feed restricted)

Pig with lower gut size = less ability to use SCFA but as they grow more able to use SCFA as energy

N excretion reduced by microbes bc can use to produce microbial protein

Question 12

What are the negative effects of commensal bacteria?

Answer 12

1. high cell turnover
2. inflammatory responses
3. protein fermentation when we have excess protein
   - ammonia -> cytotoxic = damage gut wall = reduce growth
   - phenols and indoles reduce growth rate of weaned pigs and contribute to boar taint
   - amines can cause diarrhea

BIGGEST CON IS PROTEIN FERMENTATION