3.8 Nutrition and Environment - T3 Flashcards
What are value-added attributes?
Qualities of meat that ppl will pay more for
- ex. more enviro friendly, no antibodies, no hormones, grain fed, pasture raised
- costs more (both for the producer and consumer) but might be able to get a higher profit BUT have to consider who is going to pay
Why is there such a big range of nutrient content in manure?
Depends on:
1. diet
2. how you manage your water systems
3. how you manage your feed wastage
We use manure to fertilize crops. Is N and P in the correct ratio for plants? If not, how to correct?
What plants need to grow is WAY LESS p than what is present in manure
- can decrease amount of P in manure by adding phytase to diets
- phytase greatly reduces amount of N excretion in feces
- phytase can also improve retention of N and Ca bc it breaks down phytate (an ANF) which binds not only P but other minerals as well
“Mismatch” is the biggest reason for inefficiency of N utilization in the industry. What is the mismatch?
Feeding more N than the animal needs
- excess AA deaminated = N excreted as ammonia and C-skeleton used as energy
- mismatch = use of aa for energy
- want to minimize bc produces ammonia and urea
- can reduce by using multi-phase and split-sex feeding, also synthetic aa
What are 4 ways to reduce N excretion?
- Formulate closer to requirement
- Low protein diets, balanced for AA
- less excess AA, lower urinary N excretion - Use highly-digestible feedstuffs
- reduces fecal excretion - Reduce safety margin in diet formulation
What do we need to know to formulate as close to AA requirement as possible? What is safety margin?
- Safety margin is when we don’t exactly know the nutrient content of ingredients so formulate for higher nutrient content
- Reduce by analyzing nutrient content of ingredients/diet
What allows for better match to AA requirements?
- Reduce amount of dietary CP by increasing amount of synthetic AA to meet req
- Reduces cost of diets to a certain point; as long as you are using feed grade aa (less money) but when you have to use chemical grad aa that is a lot of money
- Reduces N excreted
What 3 things do we need to know to correctly use synthetic amino acids?
- AA content of ingredients
- Note stage of production; aa req change according to production status
- Depends on body size; older sows have greater maintenance req which has a dif aa profile
What is important to know about aa req (ex. lys) when considering research vs farm data?
- Reqs decrease as pigs get larger and older
- Lots of variation between farms! Need to know how the pigs are growing on YOUR farm bc book values may not apply
- Protein deposition depends on: genotype, farm management, environment
It’s important to know the protein deposition rate of YOUR pigs. How? What else?
HOW?
- look at carcass wt
- look at ultrasound
What else?
- need to know FI
If you can only evaluate one nutrients when performing quality control in feed manufacturing, what should it be?
Lys bc it is the first limiting AA
Why is it important to perform quality control in feed manufacturing?
Can see variation in nutrient content of the SAME plant from the SAME crop
How do we shrink the mismatch area?
MEET THE REQUIREMENTS BY:
- knowing the requirements
- knowing FI
- reducing excess nutrients
How do we reduce excess nutrients?
- phase-feeding
- split-sex feeding
- reducing Cp, increasing free AA
- quality control in feed manufacturing (ex. having precise scales)
- reduce safety margins
What are the 2 main sources of nitrogen in manure?
- Protein
- from diet/waste (stable)
- microbial protein - AMMONIA
- urea -> ammonia
- coming from aa deaminated for energy; minimize by decreasing excess aa
