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ANSC 462 - Monogastric Nutrition > 1.2 Comparative Nutrition - Nutrient review > Flashcards

1.2 Comparative Nutrition - Nutrient review Flashcards

1
Q

Essential nutrient

A
  • Nutrient cannot by synthesized by metabolism
  • Must be provided in the diet
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2
Q

Conditionally essential nutrient

A
  • Nutrient can be synthesized from suitable precursor, but not enough during some physiological stages
  • Semi-essential: nutrient can be synthesized, but only from an essential precursor in the diet
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3
Q

Nonessential nutrient

A

Nutrient can be synthesized in sufficient quantities

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4
Q

6 categories of nutrients

A
  1. water
  2. aa (protein)
  3. cho
  4. fats and oils
  5. minerals
  6. vitamins
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5
Q

What is quantitatively the most important nutrient?

A

Water

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6
Q

What can water be a source of?

A

Nutrients
- Na, Ca, trace minerals, others

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7
Q

How are water requirements described?

A

“Sufficient quantities of water of adequate quality”

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8
Q

What are 2 reasons why water can be a major source of problems?

A
  1. Microbiological contamination
    - Biofilms
    - Groundwater contamination
  2. Chemical contamination
    - Nutrients - Na, Ca, phosphates etc. in high quantity
    - Toxic compounds
    - pH
    - Oxidation/reduction potential
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9
Q

How much water do chickens normally consume? What do requirements depend on?

A
  • Water normally ~2x feed intake
  • Req depends on: environment (temp and humidity), health, stress
    *water intake decrease usually precedes feed intake decrease in sickness
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10
Q

What does water consumption of a pig depend on?

A
  1. Body weight and feed intake
  2. Physiological stage
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11
Q

What are the 4 conditionally essential AA?

A
  1. Arginine
    - essential for piglets and birds
  2. Histidine
    - essential for pregnant sows
  3. Proline
    - may be essential for piglets and for chickens fed purified diets
  4. Glutamate
    - may be limiting for weanling pig, chick growth
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12
Q

What are the 2 semi-essential AA?

A
  1. Tyrosine
    - can be supplied from excess Phe
  2. Cysteine
    - can be supplied from excess Met
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13
Q

Do animals have a protein requirement?

A

NO! They require essential AA
- Diet must also contain sufficient amino nitrogen to allow synthesis of non-essential AA by the animal; this is why we consider crude protein level when formulating diets
- Commercial nutritionists have moved away from the concept of formulating to a protein “requirement”

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14
Q

Nutritional valuation of CHOs for pigs and chickens

A
  1. Consider starch and fibre separately
    - Starch (generally) more available than fibre to monogastrics
  2. Understanding is more advanced for pigs than in chickens
    - greater hindgut fermentation in pigs
  3. Starch and fibre influence gut health
    - microbiome
    - microbially-synthesized nutrients
  4. Enzymatic digestion
    - starch and sugars (lactose, sucrose, maltose)
    - not all starch is digested (resistant starch) and can behave like fibre (hindgut fermentation)
  5. Not enzymatically digested but fermented:
    - Non-starch polysaccharides
    - Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, fructans
    - Oligosaccharides
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15
Q

What CHOs get fermented?

A

Fibre and resistant starch
- Yields VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) absorbed in the hindgut and metabolized for energy
- Energy loss during fermentation (pigs)
- Energy utilization of VFA (pigs is 15% lower than ME from glucose

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16
Q

What are non-starch polysaccharides?

A

Technically, any polysaccharide that is not starch
- cellulose hemicellulose, pectins, xylans, glucans
- In common usage, “NSP” is usually in the context of SOLUBLE non-starch polysaccharides, typically: arabinoxylans and beta-glucans

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17
Q

What do soluble NSP do?

A

Increase digesta viscosity
- Reduce mixing of digesta = reduced expose to enzymes = reduced movement of nutrients to absorptive surfaces
- Create a more anaerobic environment = microbial proliferation = many pathogens are anaerobes = immune activation

18
Q

How are soluble NSP dealt with?

A

NSP-degrading enzymes
- major effect in decreasing viscosity
- minor effect is the release of sugar molecules for absorption

19
Q

Utilization of NSP

A

Energy utilization 0-79% in pigs
- fermentability differs among types of NSP
- affected by feeding level, physiological stage
- lower in poultry

Does not include effects of NSP on digestibility of other nutrients

Feed (exogenous) enzymes can increase utilization
- xylanase to digest arabinoxylans
- B-glucanase to digest B-glucans

20
Q

What are 2 essential fatty acids? What is a conditionally essential fatty acid?

A

Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid

Arachidonic acid - derived from linoleic acid

21
Q

7 macrominerals and 8 trace minerals

A

Macrominerals
- Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, and S

Trace minerals
- Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, I, and Se

22
Q

Macro-mineral supply

A

In grain-based diets
- Ca, Na, Cl: insufficient amounts; addition to diet as limestone
- Phosphorus: problem is it is stored in phytate leading to inadequate available (or digestible) P; addition of mono/di-calcium phosphate, rock phosphate, bone meal or phytase
- K, Mg, S: sufficient contents

23
Q

What 4 things can phytic acid bind and thereby, reduce the availability of?

A
  1. Phosphorus
  2. Protein
  3. Starch
  4. Divalent cations
    - Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe
24
Q

Phytase

A

Breaks down phytate molecule
- present to some degree in plants
- endogenous phytase (made by the animal) is low; higher in chicken intestine than pig intestine
- exogenous phytase (added to feed) is produced by microorganisms (yeast and bacteria)
- increased digestibility of minerals: P, Ca, Zn, Na, etc.
- increased digestibility of AA, starch and energy

25
Q

What are good sources for Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn (trace minerals)?

A
  • sulfates, chlorides
  • chelated (“organic”): complex with AA or protein; increased availability bc it is protected from binding by phytate
26
Q

What are poor availability sources for trace minerals?

A

Oxides and carbones

27
Q

How is Se (trace mineral) added to a diet?

A

Na-selenate, Na-selenite, organic selenium

28
Q

How are trace minerals usually added to a diet?

A

Provided in a premix

29
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins included in a diet since they are usually low in grain-based diets?

A

Provided in premix at ~10x requirement or more
- Vit A and carotenoids
- Vit D is added as: feed-grade D3 or vit D metabolites (25-OH vit D3 most important)
- Vit E: a-tocopheryl acetate (synthetic)
- Vit K: included in premixes as menadione (synthetic)

30
Q

Why is vit C not required by pigs or poultry?

A

Unlike humans, they can synthesize their own

31
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A
  • biotin
  • choline
  • folate
  • niacin
  • pantothenic acid
  • riboflavin
  • thiamin
  • pyridoxine
  • cobalamin
32
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins included in a diet?

A
  1. provided in premix
    - different mixes for growing pigs and sows
    - different mixes for layers, broilers, breeders, turkeys
  2. choline, thiamin, B6 in grain-based diets
    - sufficient for growing pigs, but not sows
    - usually supplemented for poultry
  3. Other water-soluble vitamins
    - marginal contents for growing pigs, inadequate contents for sows, supplemented
    - supplements in poultry
33
Q

5 important notes about energy

A
  1. A property, not a nutrient
  2. Derived from nutrients:
    - protein, lipids, CHOs
    - VFA (from hindgut digestion)
  3. Energy yield differs btw nutrients
  4. No energy from minerals or water
  5. Most expensive feed component
    - proportional increase in energy costs more than a similar proportional increase in any other nutrient
34
Q

Limiting nutrient is a concept that relates…

A

Performance to nutrient supply
- asking if the diet has enough of a particular nutrient to support the desired performance

35
Q

First limiting nutrient

A

Nutrient present at the lowest amount relative to the requirement
- amount of this nutrient will determine the level of production, regardless of other nutrients that might be deficient
- can apply to any req nutrient; most commonly individual AA

36
Q

First limiting vs second limiting nutrient

A

First limiting
- most deficient relative to requirement

Second limiting
- still deficient relative to requirement
- not relevant until the first limiting nutrient has been addressed

37
Q

Commonly limiting nutrients

A
  1. AA
    - Lys usually 1st limiting for pigs
    - Met usually 1sst limiting for chickens
    - Possibly limiting: threonine, tryptophan
  2. Energy (limit to intake)
    - For chickens, pigs with high growth potential
  3. Vitamins and minerals
    - Supplemented to diets to avoid them from being limiting
38
Q

Limiting AA

A
  • When the supply of one essential AA is insufficient, protein synthesis is reduces
  • Which AA is limiting is specific to a feedstuff
  • Different feedstuffs may have different limiting AA
39
Q

In cereal grains (barley, wheat, corn), what is the first limiting AA?

A

Lysine
- Threonine or typtophan is second limiting in many feedstuffs

40
Q

High protein diets vs. low protein diets in terms of limiting AA

A

High protein diets more likely to provide sufficient amounts of a greater number of essential AA

Low protein diets
- reduce N excretion, pollution
- becomes more important to balance for a greater number of essential AA

ANSC 462 - Monogastric Nutrition (24 decks)

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