36 Pathophysiology and Management of Shock Flashcards
1
Q
How is shock best defined? A. Inadequate tissue perfusion C. Hypoxemia B. Low blood pressure D. Internal or external blood loss
A
A
2
Q
In relation to cardiovascular physiology, what does heart rate multiplied by stroke volume equal? A. Systolic afterload C. Pulse volume B. Cardiac output D. Pulmonic vascular volume
A
B
3
Q
What is the Fick principle used to estimate? A. Perfusion to an organ or the body C. Venous oxygen content B. Arterial oxygen content D. Blood loss
A
A
4
Q
What are the smooth, low-friction cells that line the peripheral vascular vessels called? A. Tunica C. Fick cells B. Platelet gradient D. Endothelium
A
D
5
Q
Fluid flows through a tube such as a blood vessel in response to what action?
A.
Absolute pressure in the tube
B.
Pressure gradient between the two ends of the tube
C.
Pressure waves created by muscular contractions in the tube
D.
Negative pressure pulling fluid through the tube
A
B
6
Q
What is the pressure differential between systemic systolic and diastolic readings called? A. Pulse pressure C. Mean arterial pressure B. Vascular resistance D. Hemostasis
A
A
7
Q
How is the tone of the arterial system best reflected? A. Pulse pressure C. Mean arterial pressure B. Vascular resistance D. Hemostasis
A
A
8
Q
What is the total resistance against which blood must be pumped called? A. Peripheral vascular resistance C. Blood pressure B. Preload D. Pulse pressure
A
A
9
Q
What is the primary factor affecting resistance to blood flow in healthy humans? A. Vessel length C. Viscosity of fluid B. Vessel diameter D. Temperature of fluid
A
B
10
Q
What is the abnormal narrowing of an artery called? A. Emboli C. Angina B. Adhesions D. Stenosis
A
D
11
Q
How is arterial blood pressure regulated primarily? A. Cardiac output C. Minute volume B. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation D. Preload pressure
A
B
12
Q
Where is the majority of the blood in the human body contained? A. Arteries and arterioles C. Capillaries B. Heart D. Veins and venules
A
D
13
Q
A patient has a blood pressure of 140/70 and a pulse of 88, and respirations are 20/min. What is the patient’s mean arterial pressure? A. 73 C. 100 B. 93 D. 110
A
B
14
Q
A patient has a blood pressure of 190/90 and a pulse of 100, and respirations are 20/min. What is the patient’s mean arterial pressure? A. 77 C. 100 B. 85 D. 120
A
D
15
Q
Paramedics are evaluating a 78-year-old male with a 4-day history of fever and chills. On arrival, the patient is hypotensive, tachycardic, and flushed. He has had no vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss, but is obviously in a state of shock. What has his possible sepsis produced? A. Relative hypovolemia B. Vasculatory anemia C. Increased afterload pressure because of vasoconstriction D. Compensated hypovolemic shock
A
A
16
Q
As the body compensates for shock with peripheral vasoconstriction, oxygen delivery to the capillaries decreases. What does this cause?
A.
Decreased production of lactate and hydrogen ions
B.
Anaerobic metabolism to replace aerobic metabolism
C.
Capillaries to retain large molecular structures
D.
Aerobic metabolism to produce an increase in hydrogen ions
A
B
17
Q
When “leaky capillary” syndrome occurs, what happens to the capillaries?
A.
Allow fluids to enter the vascular space
B.
Permit protein-containing fluids to leak into the interstitial space
C.
Allow fluids but not molecules to leak from blood vessels
D.
Can maintain only large molecular structures within the vessel walls
A
B
18
Q
In the United States, what is hypovolemic shock most commonly caused by? A. Vomiting C. Sepsis B. Diarrhea D. Hemorrhage
A
D
19
Q
Paramedics are treating a patient in decompensated shock. On physical exam, paramedics discover that the patient has hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, and crackles. What type of shock should be suspected? A. Hypovolemic C. Cardiogenic B. Anaphylactic D. Septic
A
C
20
Q
What does neurogenic shock caused by head injury create? A. Peripheral vascular dilation C. Decreased cardiac output B. Peripheral vascular constriction D. Hyperventilation syndrome
A
A
21
Q
What is a severe allergic reaction caused by histamine release from exposure to an antigen called? A. Psychogenic shock C. Septic shock B. Antihistamine shock D. Anaphylactic shock
A
D
22
Q
A patient with noted hypotension, bradycardia, and jugular venous distention would lead paramedics to suspect what type of shock? A. Neurogenic C. Septic B. Cardiogenic D. Hypovolemic
A
B
23
Q
Paramedics are treating a patient who presents with signs of shock. No trauma is noted, and the only pertinent history is a leg fracture 6 weeks earlier. What type of shock should paramedics suspect? A. Neurogenic shock C. Septic shock B. Obstructive shock D. Hypovolemic shock
A
B
24
Q
What action occurs to compensate for Stage 1 shock? A. Capillary leakage C. Increased preload pressure B. Vasoconstriction D. Cellular/vascular shunting
A
B
25
Q
A healthy 20-year-old male has lost approximately 350 mL of blood. Which vital sign would paramedics expect with this amount of blood loss? A. Normal blood pressure C. Decreased heart rate B. Low blood pressure D. Decreased respiratory rate
A
A
