11 General Principles of Pathophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
Where is interstitial fluid found? A. Inside cells B. Outside cells but inside of the vascular space C. In blood plasma D. Between cells and outside of the vascular bed
A
D
2
Q
What two compartments make up extracellular fluid? A. Intravascular and cytoplasm C. Interstitial and intramedullary B. Cytoplasm and interstitial D. Interstitial and intravascular
A
D
3
Q
What component of the body accounts for the majority of body weight? A. Skin C. Muscle B. Organs D. Water
A
D
4
Q
Which term describes the relative constancy in the internal body environment? A. Homeostasis C. Hermonstasis B. Hemostasis D. Hematostasis
A
A
5
Q
By what mechanism does glucose enter a cell? A. Diffusion C. Mediated transport B. Osmosis D. Miosis
A
C
6
Q
Which requires energy output by the cell? A. Diffusion C. Active transport B. Osmosis D. Facilitated diffusion
A
C
7
Q
The sphincter at the arterial end of a capillary is known as the \_\_\_\_\_ sphincter. A. Precapillary C. Postcapillary B. Midcapillary D. Endocapillary
A
A
8
Q
What are ions? A. Atoms with either a positive or negative charge B. The smallest particle of pure cellular matter C. Cellular molecules in an isotonic state D. The most abundant gasolyte in the cells
A
A
9
Q
What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid? A. Potassium C. Sodium B. Chloride D. Magnesium
A
C
10
Q
Where are baroreceptors located? A. Heart and great vessels C. Spleen and liver B. Kidneys and liver D. Heart and kidneys
A
A
11
Q
What type of molecule is sodium? A. Anion C. Proion B. Cation D. Negion
A
B
12
Q
Angiotensin I is converted into which peptide? A. Renin C. ADH B. Angiotensin II D. Aldosterone
A
B
13
Q
Calcium is a bivalent ion that is responsible for neuromuscular transmission, cell membrane permeability, hormone secretion, and what other aspect? A. Production of ADH C. Bronchial constriction B. Release of chorionic gonadotropin D. Smooth muscle contraction
A
D
14
Q
What is the adaptive cell change that results in an excessive increase in cell numbers? A. Atrophy C. Metaplasia B. Hypertrophy D. Hyperplasia
A
D
15
Q
What is cardiac output also called? A. Blood pressure C. Preload B. Minute volume D. Afterload
A
B
16
Q
Cardiac output is the volume of blood \_\_\_\_\_. A. Pumped by the ventricles per minute C. Circulating throughout the body B. Ejected with each heartbeat D. Pushed through the coronary arteries
A
A
17
Q
Which definition correctly describes preload?
A.
Venous return available to the right ventricle
B.
Blood already in the arteries before each contraction
C.
Blood that remains in the atria after they contract
D.
Venous blood that remains in the veins
A
A
18
Q
Which cardiac output is most appropriate for a heart rate of 60 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 mL? A. 3.0 mL/min C. 30 mL/min B. 3.0 L/min D. 300 mL/min
A
B
19
Q
Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine found? A. Sympathetic system C. Neither system B. Parasympathetic system D. Both systems
A
A
20
Q
What is the primary role of alpha 1 receptors? A. Smooth muscle contraction C. Bronchial constriction B. Smooth muscle dilation D. Bronchial dilation
A
A
21
Q
Which blood type is referred to as the universal donor? A. A C. AB B. B D. O
A
D
22
Q
What is the most common blood type in the United States? A. O negative C. A negative B. O positive D. A positive
A
B
23
Q
What is a solute? A. Water B. Diluent C. Substance dissolved in a solution D. Blood product
A
C
24
Q
Which substance does a semipermeable membrane allow free passage? A. Water C. Electrolytes B. Solutes D. Leukocytes
A
A
25
Q
What will occur when a living cell is placed into a hypertonic solution? A. Draw water into the cell and expand B. Lose water from the cell and shrink C. Explode from increased intracellular pressure D. Lose the permeability of the membrane
A
B
26
Q
Diffusion results from \_\_\_\_\_ movements of particles in solution. A. Coordinated C. Circular B. Random D. Excitatory
A
B
27
Q
At equilibrium, how do particles in solution move in response to diffusion?
A.
They move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
B.
They move from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
C.
The net movement of solute stops.
D.
The particles themselves stop moving.
A
C
28
Q
Water balance is regulated primarily by which hormone? A. TSH C. ACTH B. LH D. ADH
A
D
29
Q
A paramedic is called to treat a patient who is severely dehydrated after an excessive misuse of diuretics. She has an increased body temperature, flushed skin, and dry mucous membranes. Which type of dehydration is likely occurring? A. Isotonic C. Hyponatremic B. Hypernatremic D. Neutronatremic
A
B
30
Q
Which is a sign of overhydration? A. Weight loss C. Wheezes B. Anuria D. Puffy eyelids
A
D
31
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who complains of malaise and skeletal muscle weakness. Pulses are weak, and the cardiac rhythm is abnormal. The patient has been taking diuretics and laxatives to lose weight. What condition should the paramedic suspect? A. Hypernatremia C. Hypokalemia B. Hyponatremia D. Hyperkalemia
A
C
32
Q
Which electrolyte will likely decrease in the presence of excessive vomiting? A. Potassium C. Phosphorus B. Magnesium D. Sodium
A
A
33
Q
Your patient has been taking an excessive amount of antacids. Which electrolyte imbalance should you expect? A. Calcium C. Magnesium B. Sodium D. Potassium
A
C
34
Q
A paramedic is called to treat a patient who is severely dehydrated after an excessive misuse of diuretics. She has an increased body temperature, flushed skin, and dry mucous membranes. Which concentration of normal saline should be administered to the dehydrated patient described? A. 0.90% C. 0.33% B. 0.45% D. 9.00%
A
A
35
Q
What is the most common cause of hypokalemia in the United States? A. Poor nutritional intake C. Use of diuretics B. Renal disease D. Vomiting or diarrhea
A
C
36
Q
Which medication should be administered for a patient experiencing life-threatening cardiac disturbances as a result of hyperkalemia? A. Calcium C. Potassium B. Magnesium D. Chloride
A
A
37
Q
Name a factor that causes disease? A. Environmental C. Familial B. Hormonal D. Stress induced
A
A
38
Q
Which term describes the flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration? A. Diffusion C. Osmosis B. Mediation D. Miosis
A
C
39
Q
What are the body’s principal regulators of acid-base balance? A. Kidneys and liver C. Pancreas and lungs B. Lungs and kidneys D. Liver and pancreas
A
B
40
Q
What does a substance’s pH represent? A. Concentration of hydrogen ions C. Number of active molecules B. Ability to neutralize chemicals D. Positive charge
A
A
41
Q
What is the driving force of osmosis produced by gases? A. Permeability of the membrane C. Number of particles B. Molecular weight of the particles D. Partial pressure of dissolved gases
A
D
42
Q
Isotonic solution causes which process to occur through the cell membrane?
A.
Rapidly cross membranes and exit the cell
B.
Slowly leak from the cell
C.
Rapidly rush into the cell
D.
Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water.
A
D
43
Q
Which type of blood flow is characterized through the capillaries that provide the exchange of gases and solutes between blood and tissue? A. Nutritional C. Provisional B. Precapillary D. Dissolution
A
A
44
Q
Which nerve fibers are most important in regulating blood flow? A. Vasomotor C. Vasoactive B. Vasodilator D. Vasoconstrictive
A
D
45
Q
The renal buffering system helps maintain acid-base balance through which process? A. Excretion of bicarbonate C. Excretion of ammonium ions B. Recovery of hydrogen ions D. Recovery of sodium
A
C
