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AQA Biology > 3.5 The Circulatory Systems in Animals > Flashcards

3.5 The Circulatory Systems in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the top two chambers of the heart.

A

Atria

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2
Q

Name the bottom two chambers of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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3
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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4
Q

What separates the ventricles from the arteries?

A

Semi lunar valves

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5
Q

What does the aorta carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to cells in the body

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6
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs

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7
Q

What does the vena cava carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the cells in the body to the right atrium

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side atrium

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9
Q

Name 2 arteries.

A

Pulmonary artery
Aorta

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10
Q

Name 2 veins.

A

Pulmonary vein
Vena cava

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11
Q

What is pulmonary relevant to?

A

The lungs

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Describe the path of blood through the heart.

A

Into atria
Into ventricles
Up into artery

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14
Q

How is blood pushed around the body?

A

By putting pressure on it

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15
Q

How is the pressure changed in the heart chambers?

A

By contracting them to reduce their size and increase their pressure

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16
Q

What is the first stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole
Both atria and ventricles are relaxed

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17
Q

Describe the pressure in the atria and ventricles in the first stage of the cycle.

A

Low pressure as space inside them is maximum
Ventricle pressure is slightly lower than atria due to the naturally bigger size

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18
Q

Where is blood flowing the first stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

From higher pressure in vein to lower pressure in atrium and ventricle

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19
Q

What is the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole (atria contract)

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20
Q

Describe the pressure in the atria and ventricles in the second stage of the cycle.

A

Pressure in atrium is higher than ventricle as there is now less space

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21
Q

Are the atrioventricular valves open or shut during the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Open

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22
Q

Where is the blood flowing during the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Pushed from atrium to ventricle

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23
Q

What is the third stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular systole (venticles contract)

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24
Q

Describe the pressure in the atria and ventricles in the third stage of the cycle.

A

Pressure in ventricle is much higher than pressure in atrium and as it contracts pressure gets higher than artery as well

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25
Q

Are the atrioventricular valves open or shut in the third stage of the cycle?

A

Shut

26
Q

Where is the blood flowing during the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

From the ventricle into the artery

27
Q

Are the semi-lunar valves open or shut in the third stage of the cycle?

A

Open

28
Q

What is the first inside layer of a blood vessel called?

A

Endothelium

29
Q

What is the second layer of a blood vessel?

A

Elastic fibres

30
Q

What is the purpose of the second layer of a blood vessel?

A

Allows vessel to stretch and recoil to smooth flow

31
Q

What is the third layer of a blood vessel?

A

Muscular layer

32
Q

What is the purpose of the third layer of a blood vessel?

A

Allows vessel to contract and dilate to keep pressure on blood

33
Q

What is the final layer of a blood vessel?

A

Collagen fibres

34
Q

What is the purpose of the final layer of a blood vessel?

A

Add strength so they do not burst

35
Q

Describe two adaptations of the capillary wall that make it efficient at exchange.

A

One cell thick = short diffusion distance
Pores/podocytes = small molecule can move

36
Q

Why are the endothelial cells of the capillary wall flattened?

A

Reduces diffusion distance

37
Q

Why is the lumen of the capillary narrow?

A

Reduces diffusion distance

38
Q

What is the purpose of fenestrations(openings) in the endothelium of the capillaries?

A

To allow larger molecules to pass in/out of capillary

39
Q

What is difference about the blood flowing through an artery compared to the blood flowing through a vein?

A

Higher pressure
Smoother flow

40
Q

Describe the adaptations of an artery.

A

More elastic fibres so can recoil
More muscle so can keep force on blood and change pressure
More collagen for strength to resist high pressure

41
Q

Describe the adaptations of a vein.

A

Valves to keep blood flow in one direction - prevent backflow

42
Q

Which end of the capillary has the greatest blood pressure?

A

Arteriole end

43
Q

What kind of pressure is created by blood?

A

Hydrostatic

44
Q

What does the hydrostatic pressure created by the blood force?

A

Small molecules which are dissolved in plasma are forced out of blood into tissue

45
Q

Give examples of molecules dissolved in plasma that are forced out.

A

Glucose
Amino acids

46
Q

What kind of molecules are forced out of the blood?

A

Small

47
Q

Why is it only small molecules forced out of the blood?

A

Capillaries only permeable to small molecules due to small pores in walls

47
Q

What kind of molecules aren’t forced out of the blood?

A

Large proteins and red blood cells

48
Q

Why aren’t large molecules forced out of the blood?

A

Too large to fit through pores

49
Q

What impact do large proteins have on the blood?

A

Reduce the water potential as they dissolve

50
Q

Why does tissue fluid return to the blood?

A

Osmosis due to water potential gradient and reduction of hydrostatic pressure of blood

50
Q

What happens to large proteins once in the tissue fluid?

A

Diffuse into cells

50
Q

What are cells constantly producing?

A

Carbon dioxide from respiration
Urea from protein synthesis

50
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid surrounding the cells of most tissues, arriving via blood capillaries and being removed via lymphatic vessels

50
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide and urea produced in cells?

A

Diffuse into tissue fluid

51
Q

What happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that cannot return to blood?

A

Moves into lymphatic vessels

52
Q

What is lymph?

A

The tissue fluid after it enters the lymphatic vessels

53
Q

How is lymph fluid moved around the body?

A

Muscle contractions and hydrostatic pressure

54
Q

Why does a low protein diet result in a swollen stomach?

A

Increased water potential of blood means less fluid returns by osmosis

55
Q

Why does a high blood pressure result in swollen limbs?

A

Too much fluid is forced out of the capillaries and not enough returns

56
Q

Why can parasites lead to swelling?

A

Damage to lymphatic vessel lead to leakage of fluid

AQA Biology (43 decks)

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