CHAPTER 4 - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Flashcards
I wouldn’t structural panel formed by gluing and compressing wood strands together under pressure. This material has replace plywood and planking and the majority of construction applications.
Oriented strand board
Wood with high moisture content.
Greenwood
Bricks, blocks, stones, and unreinforced and reinforced concrete products.
Masonry
Walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of common material.
Veneer walls
Expansion of excess moisture with and masonry materials due to exposure to this sheet of a fire, resulting in Temple forces within the material, and causing it to break apart.
Spalling
Structural support made from a long steel bar that is bent at a 90° angle with flat or angular pieces welded to the top and bottom.
Lightweight steel truss
A non-loadbearing wall, often of glass and steel, fixed to the outside of the building and serving especially as cladding.
Curtainwall
Short for reinforcing the bar. Steel bars placed in concrete forms for the cement is poured. adds considerable strength.
Rebar
Type of building construction that uses renewable, environmentally friendly or recycled materials. Also known as natural or green construction.
Hybrid construction
Steel structural members that are covered with either spray on fireproofing or fully encased in underwriters limited tested in improved system
Protected steel
Rating assigned to a material or assembly after standardized testing by an independent testing organization. Identifies the amount of time and material or assembly will resist a typical fire, as measured on a standard time temp curve.
Fire resistance rating
Solid materials, such as wood blocks, used to prevent or limit the vertical and horizontal spread of fire and the products of combustion in the hollow walls or floors, above false ceilings, in penetrations for plumbing or electrical installations, in penetrations of a fire rated assembly, or cockloft and crawlspaces
Fire stop
Walls of the building by design carry at least some part of the structural load of the building in the direction of the ground base.
Loadbearing wall
And upright post in the framework of a wall for supporting sheets of laugh and plaster, wallboard, or similar material.
Stud
Walls, usually interior, that support only its own weight.
Non-loadbearing wall
Interior nonload bearing wall that separates the space into rooms.
Partition wall
Fire rated wall with a specific degree of fire resistance, built of fire resistant materials and usually extending from the foundation up to and through the roof of a building, that is designed to limit the spread of the fire with in the structure or between adjacent structures.
Fire wall
A loadbearing wall shared by two adjacent structures
Party wall
Portion of the exterior walls of the building that extends above the roof. A low wall at the edge of the roof.
Parapet
The horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two sloping roof surface
Ridge
The edge of a pitched roof that overhangs an outside wall.
Eave
Inclined beam that supports A roof, runs parallel to the slope of the roof, and to which the roof decking is attached
Rafter
Metal or wooden plates used to connect and strengthen the joints of two or more separate components into a load bearing unit
Gusset plates
Horizontal structure remember I used to support a ceiling or floor. Drywall materials are nailed or screwed to the ceiling. And the subfloor is nailed or screwed to the floor
Joists
Structural supports constructed of 2 x 3” or 2 x 4” members that are connected by gusset plates
Light weight wood truss
A trust constructed with the top and bottom chords parallel. These dresses are used as floor joists in multi story buildings and as ceiling joists and buildings with flat roofs.
Parallel cord truss
Horizontal member between trusses that support the roof
Purlin
Concealed space between the top floor and the roof of the structure
Cock loft
Weight of the structure, structural members, building components, and any other features permanently attached to the building that are constant and immobile
Dead load
A second roof constructed over an existing roof
Rain roof
Items within a building that are movable but are not included as a permanent part of the structure; merchandise, stock, furnishings, occupants, firefighters, watering used for fire suppression are examples of this. Force placed upon a structure by the addition of people, objects, or whether
Live load
Continuous an unobstructed way of exit travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way, consisting of three separate and distinct parts: exit access, exit, and exit discharge.
Means of egress
Masonry is the most common building material in North America. True or false?
False – wood is most common
The effect of heat on the metal will depend on the type of metal and if it is exposed or covered. True or false?
True
Wrought iron is the primary material used in the construction of large modern buildings. True or false?
False – steel is the primary material
Manufactured structures are required to conform to model building codes. True or false?
False – manufactured homes are not required to conform to the model building codes
Wall rated assemblies may be continuous from one floor to the bottom of the next floor. True or false?
True
There is always an external sign, like a soft roof, before roof collapse. True or false?
False – OSB and plywood sheathing could fail without warning
Roof penetrations and openings can allow firefighters to gain access to attics. True or false?
True
When off, solar panels retain no electricity. True or false?
False – even if power is off they retain/produce power
Rain roofs may hide heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning units that contribute to collapse potential. True or false?
True.
Roof mounted equipment is never hidden from plain sight. True or false?
False – they may be under rain roofs
Smoke proof stair enclosures are required in all buildings. True or false?
False – they are only required in certain circumstances
Fire doors must pass a test by a third-party testing agency. True or false?
True
Windows security may prevent the escape of trapped victims and firefighters in emergency situations. True or false?
True
What are the seven types of roofs?
Mansard. Gambrel. Hip. Sawtooth. Shed. Lantern. Butterfly.
Name the different types of stairs.
Straight run. Return. Scissor. Circular. Folding. Spiral.
Material known as drywall or sheet rock this material absorbs heat as moisture evaporates.
Gypsum
Building material that includes bricks, stones, and concrete blocks; this material is minimally affected by fire exposure to high temperatures.
Masonry
When melted this material can contribute to fire load; this material is used on structure exteriors, for water and sewer pipes, as well as for decorative use.
Plastic
Building material that is internally fortified by steel reinforcement bars or wiremesh; this material performs well under fire conditions but can lose strength through spalling.
Reinforced concrete
Material that is not typically used for structural support; this material can be found in sheet, block, and wire reinforced forms.
Glass
Material that is manufactured by combining two or more distinctly different materials; this material is lightweight, has structural strength and resistance to chemical wear.
Composite materials
The most common building material used in North America; this is the main component in a variety of structural assemblies.
Wood
A process, not a single material; this material is difficult to penetrate with axes and can conceal fire in the cavity between spaces
Lath and plaster
Building material that is used to provide structural support, decorative coverings, and window frames; the effective he will depend on if this material is exposed or covered.
Metal.
Component that defines the perimeter of the building and divides it into compartments or rooms.
Walls
Component that can vary widely in operation, style, design, and construction. Classified by the way it operates; includes sliding, folding, vertical, and revolving.
Doors
Component that forms the top and bottom of the compartment; it’s construction varies depending on level
Floors/ceilings
Component in which construction varies; the Two main categories are fixed and movable.
Windows
Component that provides access to or egress from different levels of the structure.
Stairs
Component designed to support the weight of the building and all its contents.
Foundations
Component that functions to protect its structure and its contents from the effects of weather.
Roofs
Obstruction that is found in cold and snowy Clymans to prevent ice damning and icicle formation at the eaves; designed to prevent interior heat from escaping into attic space.
Cold roofs
Obstruction I can create a void which conceals the fire and allows it to burn undetected; may also hide HVAC units, adding to collapse potential.
Rain roofs
Obstruction that adds a live load to the dead load distributed on a roof; it increases collapse potential and may affect ventilation.
Roof mounted equipment
Stretching that represents a significant hazard; Hazards include tripping over panels in the amount of electricity contained by panels even went off
Photovoltaic roofs
Obstruction that can take several forms raging from a few potted plants and flowers boxes to a layer of earth with growing plants covering a large area of the roof.
Green roofs
Obstruction put into place to prevent illegal entry; maybe modified by building occupants.
Security
Window that has one or more top hinge, I would swinging sashes that are operated by unlatching and pushing or by using a mechanical window crank
Awning
Window that has a side hinged sash that is usually installed to swing outward.
Casement
Window that swings outward at the top or bottom and slides upward or downward in grooves.
Projecting
Window that has two or more sashes at least one of which moves horizontally within the frame.
Horizontal sliding
Window that has a sash that pivots horizontally or vertically about a central access.
Pivoting
A window that has two sashes that move past each other on the vertical plane
Double hung
Window that has only one sash openable
Single Hung
Window that has a large number of Nero overlapping glass sections that swing outward.
Jalousie
What type of masonry really shows any sign of serious deterioration?
Bricks
Building material is not typically used for structural support?
Glass/fiberglass
Finger jointed timber, laminated timber, and medium density fiber board are all examples of what type of building material?
Composite materials
What type of wall may be used as party walls two separate two adjacent structures to prevent firespread?
Firewall
What part of the roof can act as a support and may be the same as a roof covering?
Deck
What door type has the advantage of illuminating door swing that might interfere with the use of interior space?
Sliding doors
What type of door is constructed with spacers between these panels to provide lateral support?
Hollow core doors
What type of door has the disadvantage of requiring clear space around the door to ensure closure?
Swinging fire doors
What are the main types of occupancy classification
Single use and separated use
Structural failure of a building or any portion of it resulting from a fire, snow, wind, water, or damage from other forces
Structural collapse
Construction method using long continuous studs that run from the sill plate to the roof eave line
Balloon frame construction
Construction method in which a floor assembly creates an individual platform that rests on the foundation
Platform Frame construction
Arrangement of materials in a building does not directly affect fire development. True or false?
False - it directly affects development severity
The most effective defense against heavy content loading is proper inspection and code enforcement. True or false?
True
Furnishings and finishes do not contribute to fire spread and smoke production. True or false?
False - they do
Unprotected steel and wooden trusses can fail from exposure to heat alone. True or false?
True
Collapse potential is only a concern during the emergency phase of an incident. True or false?
False - they may occurred prior to and without warning
The safest place for personnel in defensive operations is the corner of the building. True or false?
True
Size up : is it flat, pitched, or arched; what type of covering is visible?
Roof type
Size up : can these be opened from inside; are there grilles that should be removed from outside?
Windows
Size up : how many, above and below ground, are visible; are there any below ground on one side of the building that are above ground on the other?
Number of stories
Size up : have additions been made that may create internal hazards?
Renovations and modifications
Size up : are there obvious signs of deterioration?
Age of building
Size up : are there HVAC units, water tanks, or other heavy objects visible?
Dead loads
Size up : is it wood-frame, unreinforced masonry, all-metal, or concrete?
Construction materials
The collapse zone for this type of construction should be established if a fire is intense or if the structure has been weekend over time by repeated fires.
Type IV
When debris from this construction type strikes the ground, it can travel or even cause the collapse of other structures.
Type III
The primary concern is flying glass; zones must consider direction and velocity that wind currents may carry.
Type I
It is rare for this type of structure to collapse outward, the greater danger is interior collapse.
Type V
Structures of this type will expand and twist, pushing out walls when exposed to temperatures above 1000 degrees F
Type II
Even when treated with fire retardant, ______ can contribute to fire spread.
Wood shakes
Estimate the collapse zone by taking the heights of the structure and:
Multiply by a factor of 1.5
What part of type III construction carries the exterior load?
Concrete, Brick, or masonry
Establishing a collapse zone is done during what type of strategy?
Defensive
