3.4.5 Species and taxonomy

Question 1

What are the 5 things courtship behaviours allow individuals to do?

Answer 1

1. Recognise members of the same species
2. Identify a sexually mature mate
3. Form a pair bond that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
4. Synchronize mating so that it takes place at a time here the egg and the sperm are most likely to meet.
5. Become able to breed by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a state that allows breeding to occur.

Question 2

What does classifying animals allow us to do?

Answer 2

Better communication and avoiding confusion

Question 3

What are the two types of classification?

Answer 3

Artificial classification

Phylogenetic classification

Question 4

What is meant by a hierarchy

Answer 4

Smaller groups within larger groups (groups within groups) that do not overlap

Question 5

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic relationship

Answer 5

Shows evolutionary relationship

Question 6

Scientists can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationships between different species. Explain why.

Answer 6

The closer the amino acid sequences of 2 organisms, the closer their relationship

The amino acid sequence is related to the DNA base triplet sequence

Question 7

Explain what is meant when 2 species are described as being “closely related”.

Answer 7

They have DNA in common and they have a recent common ancestor

Question 8

Explain the principles which biologists use to classify organisms into groups

Answer 8

Large groups are divided into smaller groups.
Members of a group have features in common
Also members of the same group have a similar evolutionary history which is based on fossils

Question 9

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in 2 species of sea horses could be used to find out if they’re closely related

Answer 9

Compare their DNA by comparing their base sequence
To do this, do DNA hybridization by separating the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds
The temperature required to separate the strands indicates how close the 2 species are.

Could also compare the amino acid sequence of the proteins in the 2 species
This is called immunological evidence
So inject seahorse protein into a rabbit and collect the antibodies the rabbit makes.
Then add the antibody mixture into the other seahorse species blood sample
The amount of precipitate indicates how close the relationship of the 2 sea horses

Question 10

What 2 measurements would ecologists need to obtain to calculate the index of diversity of a community?

Answer 10

1. The number of individuals of EACH species

2. The total number of individuals of ALL species

Question 11

A species is…

Answer 11

A group of similar organisms capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring

Question 12

Grouping organisms together is called…

Answer 12

Classification

Question 13

The science of classification is called…

Answer 13

Taxonomy

Question 14

How many levels of groups are there in classification?

Answer 14

8

Question 15

Each group in classification is called a…

Answer 15

Taxon

Question 16

In classification, is the largest or smallest group at the top of the hierarchy?

Answer 16

Largest

Question 17

Name the 3 domain groups

Answer 17

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

Question 18

list the classification groups

Answer 18

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 19

What does the binomial system help to overcome

Answer 19

Confusion using common names

Question 20

What is the purpose of courtship behaviour?

Answer 20

To attract a mate of the SAME specieis

Question 21

What can be said about the courtship behaviors of organisms that are more closesly related

Answer 21

Similarities in their courtship behaiours

Question 22

Courtship behaviours prevents…

Answer 22

Interbreeding

Question 23

How are bacteria different to eukarya

Answer 23

Absence of membrane bound organelles
Smaller ribosomes
Cell wall from murein
Single loop DNA (no histones or nucleus)

Question 24

How are archaea different to bacteria?

Answer 24

No murein in cell walls

Protein synthesis in archaea like eukaryotes

Question 25

If there are 3 species of bees called Peponapis puinosa, Andrena chlorogaster ad Andrena piperi - what do their names suggest about their evolutionary relationships?

Answer 25

AC and AP are MORE closely related because they have the SAME GENUS - Andrena