3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides To Polysaccharides Flashcards
An individual sugar molecule is called a…
Monosaccharide
Name a structural polysaccharide
Cellulose (plant cell walls)
A 5 carbon sugar is called a …
Pentose
What happens during hydrolysis
The addition of a water molecule breaks down a chain of molecules
A 4 carbon sugar is called a…
Tetrose
Polysaccharides are large. This means that they are…
Insoluble (will not dissolve)
When many monosaccharides join together, they form a …
Polysaccharide
Which elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…
Disaccharide
What happens during a condensation reaction?
A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules
How many covalent bonds does carbon make?
4
Which type of reaction takes place when wo monosaccharides join together?
Condensation reaction
A 3 carbon sugar is called…
Triose
A 6 carbon sugar is called a…
Hexose
Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides
Glycosidic bond
An individual biological molecule is called a …
Monomer
Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?
Hydrolysis
Name 3 common disacchraides
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but molecules are arranged differently
Long chains of repeating molecules are called…
Polymers
Glucose + fructose —–> ___________
Sucrose
The general formula of a monosaccharide is…
(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms
Glucose + glucose —–> ____________
Maltose
A 7 carbon sugar is called a…
Heptose
A molecule containing carbon is called an…
Organic molecule
Name 4 common hexose monomers
Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Name 2 common storage polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Glucose + Galactose —–> ___________
Lactose
Polysaccharides are used in cells for _______ and _____
Storage (energy)
Structure (cell walls)
Name the monomer that makes up maltose
Glucose
Sucrose hydrolysis produces
Fructose and glucose
How is starch related to its fucntion?
- Helical / spiral shape so compact
- Large molecule / insoluble so osmotically inactive
- Branched so glucose is easily released for respiration
- Large molecule so cannot leave cell / cross cell-surface membrane
How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?
Long, straight / unbranched chains of beta glucose
Joined by hydrogen bonding
To form micro/macro fibrils
Provides rigidity and strength
What other enzymes are required for the complete digestion of starch?
Amylase and Maltase
Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen
Cellulose molecules straight chains; Glycogen branched
Cellulose beta glucose; Glycogen Alpha glucose
Cellulose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled
Cellulose has only 1,4 glycosidic bonds; Glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
Describe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule
Coiled / helical making it compact
Insoluble so it does not affect water potential of cells
Large so can’t cross cell membrane
Branched so more ends for enzyme action
Describe how lactose is formed
Glucose and Galactose
Joined by condensation reaction
Through a glycosidic bond
