3.3 The changing structure of urban settlements

Question 1

Define functional zonation

Answer 1

where set areas in an urban settlement have a set function

Question 2

What are the land use models?

Answer 2

• Burgess- Concentric Zone Model
• Hoyt- Sector Model
• Harris and Ullmann- Multiple Nuclei Model
• Alonso’s theory of Bid-rent
• The Mann Model
• Griffin and Fords- Models of cities in LEDCs

Question 3

Define concentric zone

Answer 3

A region of an urban area, circular in shape surrounding the CBD that has common land use/socio-economic characteristics

Question 4

Define zone in transition/twillight zone

Answer 4

The area just beyond the CBD,which is characterised by a mixture of residential, industrial and commercial land use

Question 5

Burgess model

Answer 5

• Based on Chicago
• Assumed that the city would tend to form a series of concentric zones.
• He assumed that the new migrants to a city moved into inner city areas because they were the cheapest and oldest housing, and were closest to their work.
• Over time, as residents became wealthier they moved out of the inner city to zones of better housing

Question 6

Strengths of Burgess model

Answer 6

• If taken as a very broad pattern, then a large number of towns and cities follow the pattern identified by Burgess.
• It is simple and easy to understand
• It helps to understand the process involved in the growth of a city.

Question 7

Weaknesses of Burgess model

Answer 7

• Assumes transportation is the same everywhere and does not take account better methods of transportation
• Assume cities develop and are based on industry
• Urban regeneration and gentrification - more expensive property can be found in ‘low class’ housing areas
• The decentralisation of shops, manufacturing industry and entertainment does not follow his model.
• Assumes the condition of the land is the same everywhere
• Land may restrict growth of certain zones

Question 8

Hoyt (sector model)

Answer 8

• Hoyt suggested that zones expand outward from the city centre along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries from the CBD outwards.
• Emphasise importance of transport routes

Question 9

Strengths of Hoyt model

Answer 9

• Allows for outward progression of growth
• Communication routes (Rivers, roads, railways) do often provide a very definite boundary to a sector/land-use.

Question 10

Weaknesses of Hoyt model

Answer 10

• This model was based of the 20th century and does not take into account of cars which make transportation easier
• Now in 21st century, many middle and lower middle class have cars to travel and commute

Question 11

Define bid-rent theory

Answer 11

theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases

Question 12

Multiple Nuclei model

Answer 12

• This model stated that the pattern of urban land use does not grow around a single centre but around a number of ‘nuclei
• City may have started with one CBD, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are set up near each other => groupings influence their immediate neighborhood
• Low class residential housing tends to be in areas of cheaper land around industry (heavy and light)
• High class residential and medium class residential can afford to avoid living next to industrial areas so these are normally on a different side of the city to industry

Question 13

Strengths of multiple nuclei model

Answer 13

Provide framework for understanding the distribution of social and economic group provides outward growth progression

Question 14

Weaknesses of multiple nuclei model

Answer 14

• Each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity and not homogeneity
• No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy
• Concepts might not applicable to cities of cultural, economic and political backgrounds
• Abrupt division between zones is non-existent

Question 15

Mann Model

Answer 15

• The 4 basic sectors are: middle class, lower middle class, working class, and lower working class
• Higher-income groups were also located on the upwind (west) side of the city where air pollution is lowest

Question 16

Models of LEDCs

Answer 16

• CBD in centre as normal
• Industry starts in centre and develops out around transport and water routes
• Zone of maturity is where there is a mixture of old and newer housing occupied by middle classes
• High class (elite) residential often develops in a spine out from the city centre
• Zone of in situ accretion is a wide range of housing but in the process of improvement e.g. government improvement projects
• Zone of squatter settlements is often on the most undesirable land at the periphery of a city

Question 17

Factors affecting the location of urban activities

Answer 17

• Market forces - the demand and supply of land
• Local or central government planning decisions or policies - planners can overrule the market forces

Question 18

Define rural urban fringe

Answer 18

The boundary zone where rural and urban land uses meet

Question 19

Define greenfield site

Answer 19

Land that has never been built on before, greenfield sites will often be used for agriculture.

Question 20

How has manufacturing land use changed?

Answer 20

• Concentrated in inner cities due to Industrial Revolution
• Moved towards suburbs for more space
• Attracted to rural areas due to cheap labour, raw materials and availability of greenfield sites

Question 21

Define brownfield site

Answer 21

This is land that has been built on previously but has been left abandoned and often become derelict. Most commonly brownfield sites are former factories found in the transition zone.

Question 22

How has retailing land use changed?

Answer 22

• Traditionally in CBD
• Spreaded into suburbs area outside of the inner city
• Some are located at the RUF
• Urban superstores are set up where there’s high consumer demand, near residential
• Moved to big retail parks along main roads or ring roads

Question 23

How has health/education/sport land use changed?

Answer 23

to the RUF

Question 24

What are the characteristics of CBD?

Answer 24

Question 25

How have CBDs changed over time and why?

Answer 25

• Pedestrianized zones have been made to make it easier and safer for shoppers to move from shop to shop
• Indoor shopping centres have increased to allow people to shop in comfort away from the variable weather conditions
• Public tranport has often been coordinated to allow more consumers to enter the CBD
• Multi-story car parks have increased to allow more parking space
• Some areas of a CBD may decline and others may expand meaning a CBDs’ location can change from time to time
• Redevelopment of some areas of a city can mean the CBD moves also to a new area of redevelopment.

Question 26

Define residential segregation

Answer 26

• where different groups of people live in different areas of a city or town.
• Different groups could refer to difference in ethnicities or income groups

Question 27

Advantages of residential segregation

Answer 27

• Less ethnic/racial/religious tension to deal with
• On a religious perspective, your children will be living in an area with similar backgrounds and beliefs
• Area can become focus for a particular culture which can lead to it thriving. e.g. China town

Question 28

Disadvantages of residential segregation

Answer 28

• Grow up without diversity and the knowledge and understanding that it brings
• Feel you are alienated => can lead to rebelling against it and lead to gangs/crime/violence due being disenfranchised
• Emphasis on discrimination and classification