1.1 Natural increase as a component of population change

Question 1

Define natural increase rate

Answer 1

Difference between BR and DR

• Relative natural change: ratio per 1000
• Absolute natural change: exact no. of people added/taken away from a pop

Question 2

Define fertility rate

Answer 2

Number of live births per 1000 woman aged 15-49

Question 3

Define total fertility rate

Answer 3

Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

Question 4

Political factors affecting level of fertility

Answer 4

• Some countries provide benefits to people who have many children to encourage people to give birth
• Some countries offer rewards to couples who have fewer children in order to encourage people to have less children
• Marriage age
• Taxes => high tax => high costs of having a child
• Provision of healthcare
• Welfare and pensions

Question 5

Social factors affecting level of fertility

Answer 5

• Provision of healthcare
• Emancipation of women will reduce the birth rate as women are able to get careers
• Education about contraception and family planning
• Religions (Muslims and Catholics oppose artificial birth control)
• Child lottery/ Gender preference
• Polygamy

Question 6

Economic factors affecting level of fertility

Answer 6

• Children are seen as economic asset
• Costs of having a child
• GDP per capita

Question 7

Demographic factors affecting level of fertility

Answer 7

High infant mortality

Question 8

Define crude birth rate

Answer 8

(number of births / total pop) x1000

Question 9

Political factors affecting level of mortality

Answer 9

• Provision of healthcare

Question 10

Economic factors affecting level of mortality

Answer 10

• Poverty/ Inadequate living conditions: poor access to healthcare, food, clean water, sanitation => diseases
• Undernourishment/ malnourishment

Question 11

Environmental factors affecting level of mortality

Answer 11

• Global warming and climate change => extreme environment => can’t survive + food can’t be grown => famine
• Pollution
• Natural disaster

Question 12

Social factors affecting level of mortality

Answer 12

• Compulsory education ensures that people are educated about hygiene, STIs and contraception. Knowledge of basic hygiene will lower the death rate
• War
• Endogenous (internal factors)

Question 13

Define sex ratio

Answer 13

number of males per 100 females

Question 14

Define dependency ratio + equation

Answer 14

• (number of people aged 0-14 and over 65 / number of people aged 15 -64) x 1000
• shows relationship between the economically active pop. and non working pop.

Question 15

Define epidemiological transition

Answer 15

infectious to degenerative as LEDCs develop to MEDCs

Question 16

Limitations of dependency ratio

Answer 16

• In LEDCs, a significant amount of children before the age of 15 are working full or part-time
• Significant amount of people in the economically active group do not work for various reasons: stay home and take care of the household
• In MEDCs, few people leave education before the age of 18 and will go on to university -> will not work until they are 21/22/23

Question 17

Define population pyramid

Answer 17

A population pyramid shows the age and sex structure of the country. It is a type of graph that is divided into males and females and then age groups.