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Human Geography > 2.1 Migration - a component of pop. change > Flashcards

2.1 Migration - a component of pop. change Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of migration

A
  • The movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling permanently or temporarily in the new location
  • Explained in terms of push and pull factors:
  • Push factors: negative features cause people to move away
  • Pull factors: positive features attract people to come to the area
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2
Q

Types of migration

A
  1. Forced/ Voluntary
  2. Internal/International
  3. Temporary/ Permanent
  4. Rural to urban
  5. Urban to rural
  6. Intra urban
  7. Inter urban
  8. Rural to rural
  9. Transmigration
  10. Migration stream
  11. Counter stream
  12. Relay migration
  13. Step migration
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3
Q

Define forced migration and give examples

A

Occurs when there is no personal choice. e.g.

  • Religious or political persecution: Jews forced out of Germany
  • Wars that create refugees: Syrian civil war
  • Forced labour: slave trade during 15th to 19th century from Africa to America and Europe (11 million people displaced)
  • Famine/Drought: environmental refugees in Somalia in 2011 (920 000 people displaced)
  • Natural disasters: Hurricane Sandy (776 000 people displaced)
  • Human caused disaster: Chernobyl Nuclear Spill 1986 (53 000 displaced)
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4
Q

Define voluntary migration and give examples

A

Involves a personal choice. Diverse range of factors that may be environmental, economic, social, or political influences them

  • Employment opportunities
  • Trade/territorial and economic expansion: French to Vietnam during Colonial times
  • Better climates: UK to Spain
  • Personal relationships
  • Social amenities
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5
Q

Define intra urban

A

People move within the city or urban area. May be a response to improvements in transport or in the destination

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6
Q

Define inter urban

A

Move from one urban area to another

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7
Q

Define transmigration

A

A government-organised mass movement of people from the core to the periphery

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8
Q

Define migration stream

A

Many migrants share a common origin and destination movement

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9
Q

Define counter stream

A

A reverse flow usually at a lower volume of out migrants returning from their chosen migration destination

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10
Q

Define chain migration

A

After a small number of pioneering migrants are successful => inspires other from the same community to follow their footstep

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11
Q

Define relay migration

A

When communities plan at what age different family members will migrate to improve the financial position of the family

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12
Q

Define step migration

A

Move from a village, to a town, and finally to a city or large urban area

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13
Q

What prevents voluntary movement?

A
  • Cost
  • Distance
  • Means of transport
  • Visa
  • Language
  • Culture difference/ Discrimination
  • Natural hazards
  • Conflicts within the country
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14
Q

Reasons for return migration (counter stream)

A
  • Misconception of pull factors
  • Lack of jobs/ No immediate job opportunities
  • Political differences
  • Discrimination
  • Nostalgia
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15
Q

Peterson’s theory of migration

A

Classifies migration into 5 types:

  • Primitive: an ecological push related to human’s inability to cope with natural forces. e.g. Massai Tribe in Kenya
  • Forced
  • Impelled: pressure from state of some equivalent social institution but retain some power of choice e.g. perceived threat to life’
  • Free: the position that people should be able to migrate to whatever country they choose
  • Mass: migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another 2 subcategories are also added -

Innovative - to improve living standards

  • Conservative - to maintain living standards
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16
Q

Ravenstein’s migration theory (1885)

A
  • Most migrants proceed over a short distance due to limited technology, transport and poor communications
  • Migration occurs in a series of stages
  • As well as movement to large cities, there is also movement away from them (suburbanisation)
  • Long distance migrants are more likely to move to large cities because people only know about the opportunities in large cities of far away countries
  • Urban dwellers are less migratory than rural dwellers because there are fewer opportunities in rural areas
  • Women are more migratory than men over short distances especially where status of women is low
  • Migration increases with advances in technology such as transport, communication and the spread of info
  • Economic factors are the main cause of migration - Most migrants are between 20-34
  • Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of migrants so shanties are formed
17
Q

Lee’s model of migration

A

Introduced the idea of intervening obstacles that need to be overcome before migration takes place. However there might be:

  • Over/undervaluation of positive factors
  • Over/undervaluation of negative factors
18
Q

Stepwise model

A
  • Progressive movement from rural area to small town, to regional centre, to national metropolis
  • Progressive movement from rural area to regional centre and then national metropolis
  • Direct movement from rural area to metropolis
  • Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but eventually residing in regional centre
  • Intention to move from rural area to national metropolis but eventually residing in small town
  • Intention to move from rural to metropolis but eventually remains in rural area
19
Q

Gravity Model of migration

A
  • Formula: Mij = (Pi x Pj) / Dji^2
  • The gravity model takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction
  • Can also be used to anticipate the traffic between two places, the number of telephone calls, the transportation of goods and mail, and other types of interaction between places
  • An unfair method of predicting movement because its biased toward historic cities and toward the largest population centers
20
Q

Mabogunje’s system approach to migration

A
  • Shows migration as a circular, interdependent and self modifying system
21
Q

Todaro Model

A
  • Economic factors are the most influential of the push-pull factors
  • Individual migrants weigh up the economic benefits and costs
  • They are aware thay they would have to spend money to get to urban area and would not make money there for a while, but the long term benefits would be better than staying in the rural area
22
Q

Stark’s new economies of migration

A
  • Stark argues that Todaro’s model only considers the individual migrating, but that most migrants think of their family as well
  • Their families act together to spread cost and all benefit eventually
23
Q

Marxist/Structuralist theory

A
  • Capitalism is the cause of most migration within LEDCs or from LEDCs to MEDCs
  • Cheap migrant labour from LEDCs is used to aid production for large capitalist MEDC companies and reduce the bargaining power of the local labour force
  • The MEDC companies benefit more from this arrangement than the migrant
24
Q

What are the 3 principal sources of migration data?

A
  • Population census
  • Population registers
  • Specific surveys
25
Q

Define population census

A
  • An official count or survey of a population
  • Survey every 10 years
  • Data generally provided aare birthplaces of the pop. and period migraton figures (movement over a particular period of time)
26
Q

Disadvantages of census

A
  • Many movements can go unrecorded
  • Expensive
  • Country/regional borders can change
  • Takes a long time to analyse
  • Provide birthplace info but not movement between birth and present residence
27
Q

Define population registers

A
  • Japan and a number of European countries collect continuous data on migration through population registers. Inhabitants are required to register an address with the police or civic authority an notify all changes of residence
  • Aims to record every move for local elections, council tax payment
28
Q

Define specific surveys

A
  • A sample survey carried out at seaports and airports.
  • Established to provide info on tourism and the effect of travel expenditure on the balance of payments, provides useful info on international migration

Human Geography (9 decks)

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