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AS Chemistry > 3.3 - Organic Intro, Alkanes & Haloalkanes > Flashcards

3.3 - Organic Intro, Alkanes & Haloalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different structure

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2
Q

What is stereoisomers?

A

molecules with same structural formula but atoms have different spatial arrangement

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3
Q

Which catalyst Is used in the catalytic cracking of alkanes

A

Zeolite

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4
Q

Why do E-Z isomers form?

A

Because there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond

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5
Q

Describe thermal cracking

A
  • high temperature & pressure
  • produces a high % of alkenes
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6
Q

Describe catalytic cracking

A
  • slight pressure
  • high temperature
  • in the presence of a zeolite catalyst (larger SA)
  • used mainly to produce motor fuels & aromatic hydrocarbons
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7
Q

What are economic reasons for cracking alkanes

A
  • fractions with shorter C chains are in more demand than larger fractions
  • longer hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller more useful ones
  • the products of cracking are more valuable
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8
Q

What is incomplete combustion & what products are formed (alkanes)

A

Combustion in a limited supply of O2

CO - carbon monoxide (poisonous)
soot (global dimming)

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9
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are most likely to undergo incomplete combustible

A

Longer chains

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10
Q

What do catalytic converters catalyse (equations)

A

2CO(g) + 2NO (g) —> N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)

hydrocarbons + NO —> N2 + CO2 + H20

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11
Q

What is the ozone layers function?

A

To protect the Earth from harmful exposure to too many UV rays

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12
Q

How do CFCs break the ozone layer down? 

A

Free radical substitution 

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13
Q

What’s the difference between nucleophilic substitution and elimination ( both have OH)

A

NS: OH acts as a nucleophile
Elimination: OH acts as a base (proton accepter) + makes water

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14
Q

How is ozone beneficial

A

It absorbs harmful UV radiation

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15
Q

How are chlorine atoms formed in the upper atmosphere

A

When UV radiation causes C-Cl bonds in CFCs to break

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16
Q

What contributes to ozone layer depletion

A

Chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone and contribute to the hole in the ozone layer

17
Q

What is a nuclophile?

A

An electron pair donor

18
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor

19
Q

Explain why a very thin layer of metals are used in catalytic converter

A
  • to reduce amount of metals needed
  • increase surface area
20
Q

What is a racemic mixture ?

A

A mixture of equal amounts of enantiomers

21
Q

What is the danger of using KCN?

A

It is water reactive and can produce HCN gas which is toxic and flammable

22
Q

Describe optical isomerism

A
  • a type of stereoisomerism
  • chiral = cannot be superimposed on eachother
23
Q

Explain how oxides of nitrogen are formed in engines

A

Reaction of nitrogen and oxygen from the air at high temperatures

24
Q

Why are oxides of nitrogen emissions from vehicles bad?

A

Formation of acid rain

25
Q

Why are carbon particulates formed in vehicles

A

Incomplete combustion

26
Q

Why do you always show the major product in mechanisms?

A

The secondary carbocation is more stable than the primary due to the inductive effect of more alkyl groups

27
Q

Why is a racemic mixture produced

A
  • planar carbonyl group
  • can be attacked from either side with equal probability
  • produces equal amounts of the two isomers
28
Q

Why can sulfur dioxide be removed from flue gases using calcium oxide or carbonate

A

By flue gas desulfurisaration:
- the basic calcium oxide reacts with the acidic sulfur dioxide in a neutralisation reaction

29
Q

How does carbon-halogen bond enthalpy influence ROR

A

The weaker the bond the easier to break so the faster the reaction

30
Q

How do you draw a position isomer

A

Just draw the functional group on a different carbon

31
Q

How do you draw a functional group isomer

A

Change the functional group into a different one eg move the O in a alcohol to the middle so its not a alcohol anymore

32
Q

How do you draw a chain isomer

A

Change the structure of the main carbon chain eg use branching of methyl groups

33
Q

Why does carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation?

A

The C=O bonds vibrate the same frequency as IR

34
Q

How does carbon dioxide cause global warming?

A
  • C=O bonds absorb infrared radiation
  • IR radiation emitted by the Earth does not escape
35
Q

What’s the general formula of a alkane

A

2n + 2

36
Q

What is a free radical

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron

AS Chemistry (13 decks)

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