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AS Chemistry > 3.11 - Atomic Structure > Flashcards

3.11 - Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of ionisation and why is it needed

A
  • electrospray
  • electron impact

to accelerate and to deflect the beam

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2
Q

What is electron spray?

A
  • sample is dissolved in a solvent
  • and injected through a needle at high voltage
  • each particle gains a proton

X + H+ —> XH+

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3
Q

What is electron impact?

A
  • the sample is bombarded by high energy electrons
  • the sample electron loses an electron forming M+
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4
Q

Define first ionisation energy

A

The energy required to remove one electron from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms producing one mole of 1+ gaseous ions

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5
Q

What 3 factors affect ionisation energy?

A
  • nuclear charge increases I.E increases bc there’s more protons so stronger attraction for electrons
  • distance from nucleus increases I.E decreases
  • shielding increases I.E decreases bc less energy required to remove outer electron
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6
Q

What is the general ionisation energy trend across periods?

A
  • Ionisation energy increases
  • because nuclear charge increases and shielding stays roughly the same
  • outer electrons are more attracted to the nucleus
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7
Q

Why does the ionisation energy decrease from group 2 to 3?

A

P orbital is higher energy than S orbital - So easier to lose electron

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8
Q

Why does the ionisation energy decrease from group 5 to 6?

A

Extra electron to electron repulsion make it easier to lose electron

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9
Q

KE = ?

A

1/2mv^2

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10
Q

v = ?

A

Square root: 2KE/m

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11
Q

Time of flight (with velocity) =

A

Length of Flight tube x square root: m/2KE

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12
Q

number of moles =

A

Number of particles / avagadros constant

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13
Q

grams to kg = ?

A

divide by 1000

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14
Q

mass of atom (kg)?

A

mass number/ avagadros constant , then divide that by 1000 to get it in kg

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15
Q

What is shielding?

A

The number of inner electrons - the more inner electrons, the more shielding

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16
Q

what’s the electron configuration of Cu?

A

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10

17
Q

what’s the electron configuration of Cr?

A

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5

18
Q

What are the different stages of mass spectrometry in order?

A

1) ionisation (2 types)
2) acceleration
3) flight tube
4) detection

19
Q

Explain how ions are accelerated detected, and have their abundance determined in a spectrometer

A
  • ions accelerated by attraction to negatively charged plate.
  • ions detected by gaining electrons
  • Abundance, determined by size of current flowing in the detector
20
Q

Define relative atomic mass

A

Average mass of all isotopes of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon 12

21
Q

Define relative molecular mass

A

The weighted average mass of 1 molecule compared to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon 12

22
Q

What’s the trend in ionisation energy down a group

A
  • ionisation energy decreases
  • atomic radius and shielding increases
  • so outer electrons further from the nucleus
  • so weaker attraction towards the nucleus
23
Q

What’s the equation for second ionisation energy

A

X+(g) —> X2+(g) + e-

24
Q

What’s the equation for first ionisation energy

A

X (g) —> X+(g) + e-

25
Q

what is the evidence for shells?

A

there is a sharp drop in ionisation energy between the end of 1 period and the start of the next

26
Q

How do you get from cm to m

A

Divide by 100

27
Q

How do you work out number of neutrons

A

Mass number - atomic number

28
Q

How is relative abundance measured in a TOF mass spectrometer

A

Current is proportional to abundance

29
Q

Define 2nd ionisation energy

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge forms one mole of gaseous ions with a double positive charge

30
Q

What is successive ionisation

A

The removal of more than 1 electron from the same atom

31
Q

What does it mean if you’re asked to find “ONE MOLE of X” in g

A

Find the Mr

32
Q

What is not deflected by an electric field

A

A neutron

33
Q

Why is an element in the p/d block of the periodic table

A

Because it’s outer electron is in the 3p/3d sub shell

AS Chemistry (13 decks)

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