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Save My Exams: Friday > 3.2.2 Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

3.2.2 Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Like DNA, the nucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a what?

A

Polynucleotide

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2
Q

What is nucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid) made up of?

A

Many nucleotides linked together in a long chain

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3
Q

Like DNA, RNA nucleotides contain what nitrogenous bases?

A

adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)

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4
Q

Unlike DNA, what do RNA nucleotides never contain ?

A

The nitrogenous base thymine (T)

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5
Q

What do RNA nucleotides contain instead?

A

The nitrogenous base uracil (U)

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6
Q

How many strands are RNA molecules made up of?

A

RNA molecules are only made up of one polynucleotide strand (they are single-stranded)

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7
Q

Each RNA polynucleotide strand is made up of what?

A

Alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together, with the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways from the single-stranded RNA molecule

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8
Q

What is an example of an RNA molecule?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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9
Q

Messenger RNA is the transcript copy of a gene that encodes what?

A

A specific polypeptide

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10
Q

What are 2 more examples of an RNA molecule?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

What makes RNA different to DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

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12
Q

A gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule that does what?

A

It codes for the production of a specific sequence of amino acids, that in turn make up a specific polypeptide (protein)

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13
Q

There are 2 stages to protein synthesis. Name them both

A

Transcription – DNA

Translation – mRNA

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14
Q

Transcription – DNA is transcribed and what is produced?

A

An mRNA molecule is produced

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15
Q

Translation – mRNA (messenger RNA) is translated and produces what?

A

An amino acid sequence (protein)

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16
Q

Transcription - Where does this stage of protein synthesis occur?

A

In the nucleus of the cell

17
Q

Part of a DNA molecule unwinds and exposes what?

A

The gene to be transcribed

18
Q

A complimentary copy of the code from the gene is made by building what?

A

A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule known as mRNA (messenger RNA)

19
Q

The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus via what?

A

A pore in the nuclear envelope

20
Q

The translation stage of protein synthesis occurs where?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

21
Q

After leaving the nucleus, the mRNA molecule attaches to what?

A

A ribosome

22
Q

In the cytoplasm, there are free molecules of what?

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

23
Q

These tRNA molecules have a triplet of unpaired bases at one end (known as the anticodon) , what can attach at the other?

A

A specific amino acid

24
Q

How many different tRNA molecules are there?

A

At least 20

25
Q

The tRNA molecules bind with their specific amino acids (also in the cytoplasm), and do what?

A

Bring them to the mRNA molecule on the ribosome

26
Q

The triplet of bases (anticodon) on each tRNA molecule pairs with what?

A

A complementary triplet (codon) on the mRNA molecule

27
Q

Two tRNA molecules fit onto the ribosome at any one time, what do theycarry side by side?

A

Amino acid

28
Q

A peptide bond is then formed between what?

A

The two amino acids

29
Q

This process continues until a ‘stop’ codon on what, is reached?

A

The mRNA molecule

30
Q

This acts as a signal for translation to stopand the …………chain coded for by the mRNA molecule is complete

A

Amino acid

31
Q

This amino acid chain then forms the what?

A

The final polypeptide (protein)

32
Q

The triplet code of DNA (carried by mRNA) is read by the what?

A

Ribosome and amino acids are attached together in a specific sequence to form the protein

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