3.2.1 DNA & the Genome Flashcards
The entire set of the genetic material of an organism is known as what?
Its genome
In 2003, scientists completed a 13-year project in which they did what?
They sequenced the genes that make up the whole human genome
This project was named what?
The human genome project
What 2 things did it help to develop?
medical understanding and treatment of genetic diseases
the study of human migration patterns
Each gene within the genome is made up of a small section of DNA that codes for what?
A particular sequence of amino acids
These sequences of amino acids form what?
Different types of proteins
Alleles are different versions of what?
A gene
Different alleles code for what? (eye colour example)
Brown or blue eye colour
Having 2 alleles of the same type is called what?
homozygous
Having 2 alleles that are different to one another is called what?
heterozygous
Structural proteins such as collagen is found where?
In skin cells
Two other protein examples are………
Enzymes
Hormones
Genes control our characteristics as they code for what?
Proteins that play important roles in what our cells do
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material found where?
In the nucleus of a cell
DNA, is a polymer made up of what?
Two strands coiled around to make a double helix
The strands are formed from what?
A sugar phosphate backbone
with bases joined together by complementary base pairing
Adenine pairs with what?
thymine
Guanine pairs with what?
cytosine
What 2 processes rely on these base-pairing rules because each half of the DNA double helix acts as a template to be copied in order to create a complete new double helix ?
Cell division
protein synthesis
In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA double helix supercoils to form what?
Structures called chromosomes
Are they only visible during cell division?
Yes
How many pairs of of chromosomes does ordinary human body cells contain?
23
This is a diploid number. How is it often shown?
2n
One chromosome from a pair is inherited from whom?
Each parent
Each chromosome pair is called a what?
Homologous pair
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the what?
sex chromosomes
In females, the sex chromosomes are the same. What letters are used to express this?
(XX)
In males, the sex chromosomes are different. What letters are used to express this?
(XY)
How many individual chromosomes do Gametes contain?
23
This is half the full number of a body cell and is called what?
The haploid number (or n)
Genes are found in specific locations on the chromosomes, these locations were identified in the what?
Human genome project
Genes are short lengths of DNA that code for what?
A protein
Where are they found?
On chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in dogs?
39 pairs
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in rice?
12
