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Biology > 3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

controls the cell’s activities and contains the organism’s hereditary material

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3
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the nuclear enevelope?

A

it controls that entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it

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5
Q

what is the purpose of nuclear pores?

A

allow the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus

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6
Q

how many nuclear pores are in each nucleus?

A

typically 3000

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7
Q

what is the nucleoplasm?

A

the granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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8
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

consist of protein-bound, linear DNA

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9
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

a small spherical region within the nucleoplasm, there may be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

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11
Q

what are the three functions of the nucleus?

A
  • act as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA and hence protein synthesis
  • retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
  • manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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12
Q

what is around the mitochondrion?

A

a double membrane which controls the entry and exit of material

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13
Q

what are cristae?

A

extensions of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

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14
Q

what is the purpose of cristae?

A

they provide a large SA for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration

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15
Q

what is the matrix?

A

it makes up the remainder of the mitochondrion

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16
Q

what does the matrix consist of?

A
  • protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows mitochondria to control the production of some of their own proteins
  • many enzymes involved in respiration are found here
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17
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

an elaborate, three-dimensional system of sheet-like membranes, spreading through the cytoplasm of the cells

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18
Q

what is the ER continuous with?

A

the outer nuclear membrane

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19
Q

what are cisternae?

A

a network of tubules and flattened sacs made up of the ER membranes

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20
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • rough (RER)
  • smooth (SER)
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21
Q

what are the characteristics of RER?

A

ribosomes are present on the outer surfaces of the membranes

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22
Q

what are the three functions of the RER?

A
  • involved in the folding and processing of proteins
  • provides a large SA for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
  • provides a pathway for the transport of proteins
23
Q

what are the characteristics of SER?

A

lacks ribosomes and is often more tubular in appearance

24
Q

what are the two functions of the SER?

A
  • synthesise, store and transport lipids
  • synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
25
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus?

A

consists of a stack of flattened membranes that make up flattened sacs (cisternae) with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles

26
Q

what are the six functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
  • produce secretory enzymes, such as those secreted by the pancreas (digestive enzymes)
  • secrete carbohydrates, such as those used in making cell walls in plants
  • transport, modify and store lipids
  • form lysosomes
  • modifies, sorts and packages macromolecules for cell secretion (exocytosis) or for use within cells
27
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

spherical sacs containing digestive enzymes (lysozymes)

28
Q

what are lysosymes involved in?

A

the breakdown of invading cells / foreign material or worn down parts of the cell

29
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells

30
Q

which ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

larger - 80S

31
Q

which ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

smaller - 70S

32
Q

what is the structure of a ribosome?

A

contains two subunits, one large and one small

33
Q

what do the subunits in a ribosome contain?

A

ribosomal RNA and protein

34
Q

where are ribosomes made in a eukaryotic cell?

A

in the nucleolus

35
Q

where are the centrioles?

A

located at opposite poles of the cell

36
Q

what is the purpose of centrioles?

A
  • important for accurate separation of chromosomes during cell division
  • create spindle fibres
37
Q

what are spindle fibres?

A

fibres that latch onto chromosomes to pull them apart

38
Q

the chloroplast is surrounded by a…

A

double envelope which is highly selective

39
Q

what is the stroma?

A

the fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynethesis takes place

40
Q

what is found within the stroma?

A
  • a number of other structures such as starch grains
  • all of the enzymes needed for the second stage of photosynthesis
41
Q

what are the grana?

A

stacks of disc-like structures made of thylakoid membranes

42
Q

what is found in the thylakoids?

A

chlorophyll

43
Q

what is the function of an intergranal lamella?

A

it connects the thylakoids of two different grana

44
Q

what are the adaptations of thylakoids?

A

they have a large SA for chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out the first stage of photosynthesis

45
Q

what do chloroplasts contain in order to make proteins?

A

DNA and ribosomes

46
Q

what does the cell wall of plant cells contain?

A
  • microfibrils of cellulose embedded in the matrix
  • a thin layer of middle lamella which cements adjacent cells
47
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

to provide mechanical strength so that the cell does not burst under pressure

48
Q

what is the cell wall of a eukaryotic cell made of?

A

cellulose

49
Q

what is a permanent vacuole?

A

a large, fluid-filled sac bound by a single membrane

50
Q

what is the membrane of the permanent vacuole called?

A

the tonoplast

51
Q

what does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids and waste

52
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A
  • produces turgor pressure against the cell wall for support
  • stores water and various chemicals
  • may store insoluble wastes
53
Q

outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells

A
  • DNA in nucleus codes for protein
  • ribosomes / RER produce proteins
  • mitochondria produce ATP for protein synthesis
  • Golgi apparatus modifies / packages
  • vesicles / RER transports
  • vesicles fuse with cell membrane

Biology (21 decks)

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