3.2.1-5 Flashcards
biomedical model of health
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of diseases and illness.
medical model of care practised by doctors and/or health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease
biomedical model of health disadvantages
very expensive.
not every condition can be treated / cured.
relies on role of doctor / health worker
biomedical model of health advantages
often people can be treated / cured.
extends life expectancy.
creates advances in technology and research
social model of health
conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health.
model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed
social model of health 5 guiding principles
AREAS. adresses the broader determinants of health. acts to reduce social inequities. empowers individuals and communities. acts to enable access to healthcare. involves intersectional collaboration
social model of health disadvantages
not all diseases can be prevented.
health promotion programs / messages can still be ignored
social model of health advantages
life expectancy can be increased.
health improvements in communities / populations.
education of people, empowering
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
approach to health development by the WHO that attempts to reduce inequalities in health.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.’
The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion: enabling, mediating and advocacy
health promotion
process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve, their health
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 8 prerequisites
peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable ecosystem, social justice and equity, sustainable resources
addresses the broader determinants of health
addressing ALL determinants of health, not just behavioural and biological, but also social and environmental determinants such as culture, SES and housing which impact health status
Acts to reduce social inequities
reducing inequities that exist in relation to health status due to social factors / determinants such as gender, SES and location
Empowers individuals and communities
providing individuals / communities with skills, resources, knowledge to make decisions and change factors which influence their health status
Acts to enable access to healthcare
improving access to healthcare so that services and information should be readily available, affordable, appropriate according to peoples needs to impose their health
Involves inter-sectoral collaboration
integrated / coordinated action between government departments, private sector and health sector, to work together to improve health outcomes
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 5 priority action areas
bad cats smell dead rats. build healthy public policy. create supportive environments. strengthen community action. develop personal skills. re-orient health services
Build healthy public policy
developing policy / legislation / rules / regulations to promote health
e.g. banning smoking in public places
Create supportive environments
creating environments that help make the healthier choice the easier choice to promote health
e.g. support groups
Strengthen community action
involving and encouraging people from all parts of the community to work together to improve health outcomes
e.g. Neighbourhood Watch and Safety House programs
Develop personal skills
informing and empowering people to make healthier choices by improving skills and knowledge to improve health
e.g. practising safe sex, being sun smart
Re-orient health services
changing the focus of health services from a biomedical to a preventative health care approach, so encouraging medical professionals to take a preventative approach to improve health
e.g. police working in schools to support road safety education
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 3 basic strategies
AME.
advocate.
mediate.
enable
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 3 basic strategies: advocate
lobbying governments and other organisations to improve conditions such as the political, cultural, social and environmental factors to make them favourable to improve health outcomes for all
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 3 basic strategies: mediate
coordinated action of all sectors including government, non-government, health and media, to work together to promote health for all
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 3 basic strategies: enable
equity and creating supportive environments and providing access to information, education and skills to enable all people to achieve their health potential
VicHealth
The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation is Victoria’s peak body for health promotion
main roles of vichealth
promote good health for all Victorians and prevent ill health.
provide funding to many organisations to implement programs / initiatives.
fund and conduct research.
lobby and advocate for policy / legislation change
vichealth mission
in partnership with others, promote good health.
promote fairness and opportunity for better health.
seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians
vichealth strategic priorities
A TEAM. encouraging regular physical activity. preventing tobacco use. promoting healthy eating. preventing harm from alcohol. improving mental wellbeing
health system
system of services that addresses the health needs of a population (eg. doctors, hospitals)
federal government responsibilities
management and funding of Medicare and PBS.
regulation of private health insurance.
management of quarantine.
BreastScreen program
state government responsibilities
provision of public hospitals.
provision of ambulance service.
provision of health promotion info / education programs.
provision of a safe water supply
local government responsibilities
maintaining a sanitary environment (e.g. through garbage collection / disposal).
organising local public immunisation programs
Medicare
Australia’s federal government’s universal healthcare system that aims to improve access to adequate healthcare for all Australian’s, at little or no cost, to those in need of treatment, regardless of age or income
how is Medicare funded
Medicare 2% levy (tax).
Medicare levy surcharge (extra tax) - paid by those without PHI.
general taxation
medicare covers
free or subsidised treatment.
free treatment and accomodation.
75% of the Medicare Schedule fee.
GP consultation, eye tests, tests to diagnose / treat
medicare doesn’t cover
dental exams / treatments.
ambulance services.
physio.
glasses
medicare schedule fee
fee set for a service by the Australian Government
medicare ‘gap’ amount
difference between the Medicare benefit (rebate/refund) and the schedule fee
medicare ‘out-of-pocket’ costs
difference between Medicare benefit and what doctor charges (includes gap)
bulk bill
doctor/GP accepts schedule fee as their payment.
no out-of-pocket expenses
Medicare ‘Safety Net’
an additional rebate scheme for the benefit of patients who have paid a high amount in ‘gap’ amounts - for out-of-hospital costs.
when gap total reaches certain amount they will get back 100% of schedule fee for the rest of the year for out-of-hospital services
medicare advantages
Medical treatment (out of hospital) available at little / no cost. very low income earners don't pay 2% Medicare levy. Medicare safety net provides extra finical rebates
medicare disadvantages
doesn’t cover all health services.
can be long waiting periods for some hospital services.
to pay gap can still be very difficult for low income earners.
no choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
Federal Government initiative to subsidise the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital mediations at more affordable prices
Private Health Insurance (PHI)
additional health policy individuals and families can choose to purchase / take out to cover health services not covered by Medicare
PHI incentives
Medicare Levy Surcharge.
Private Health Insurance rebate.
Lifetime health cover
PHI incentives: Medicare Levy Surcharge
people without PHI may have to pay an extra 1%, 1.25% or 1.5% on top of 2% levy - based on income
PHI incentives: Private Health Insurance rebate
receive a rebate on their PHI premium - based on income
PHI incentives: Lifetime health cover
people who take out PHI after 31 pay extra 2% on their premium for every year they are over the age of 30 —> encourages young people to keep it for life
PHI advantages
allows choice of doctor in hospitals.
usually shorter waiting periods for some procedures.
help reduce waiting lists for those using public hospitals
PHI disadvantages
person has to pay for the PHI premium.
may still have out of pocket costs.
most PHI companies have qualifying periods before the person can claim from their PHI company
values of the health care system
SEE CARS. Safe. Effective. Efficient. Continuous. Accessible. Responsive. Sustainable
public health promotion
activities aimed at improving and preventing disease by enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
nutrition surveys
provide a snapshot of what australians, or population groups within australia, are eating at a particular time
aim of nutrition surveys
monitor and assess food consumption and nutrient intake.
info needed for food and nutrition related health promotion programs
limitations of nutrition surveys
usually only 24 hour period, may not reflect overall food consumption.
costly and time consuming.
limited representation of all groups
Australian dietary guidelines
provide up-to-date advice about the amounts and types of foods that people need to eat for health and wellbeing.
seek to promote the potential benefits go healthy eating to reduce risk of diet related disease
Australian dietary guideline 1
to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs
Australian dietary guideline 2
enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups everyday and drink plenty of water
Australian dietary guideline 3
limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
Australian dietary guideline 4
encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
Australian dietary guideline 5
care for your food, prepare and store it safely
advantages of Australian dietary guidelines
aim to reduce risk of diet related diseases.
provide serving sizes and number of different lifespan stages
disadvantages of Australian dietary guidelines
use of vague terms such as ‘plenty’ and ‘limit’.
aren’t visually appealing, as they’re just statements
Australian guide to healthy eating
food selection model which is a visual representation based on Dietary guidelines 2 and 3
aim of the Australian guide to healthy eating
encourage consumption of a variety of foods from each of the 5 food groups everyday in proportions that are consistent with the Australian Dietary Guidelines
advantages of the Australian guide to healthy eating
visual and colourful, easy to follow, ‘plate’ representation, appealing.
encourages eating a wide variety of foods.
gives healthy alternatives to fresh food
disadvantages of the Australian guide to healthy eating
no serve size information.
difficult to determine the number of ‘extra’ discretionary servings OK to be eaten
discretionary foods
foods considered to be of little of no nutritional value and which tend to be high unsaturated fats, sugars, salt and/or alcohol
nutrition australia
Australia’s primary community nutrition education body.
it works with non-government and government bodies to provide them with up to date nutrition information and advice
aim of nutrition australia
to provide scientifically based nutrition information to encourage all Australian’s to achieve optimal health through food variety and physical activity
national nutrition week
raises awareness of the role of food on health, and supports the community to enjoy healthy eating.
coordinates community activities and provides organisations with activities and resources aimed at improving nutrition
menu assessments
works with a wide variety of organisations such as schools, childcare centres and hospitals to assess their menus and provide practical advice about how to improve the nutrition content of the menu
healthy eating pyramid (HEP)
food selection guide with encourages Australian’s to enjoy a variety of foods from every food group, everyday for good health
