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Biology - OCR A > 3.2 - Transport In Animals > Flashcards

3.2 - Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is what uses blood to carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, hormones and antibodies around mammals

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of circulatory systems?

A
  • Single
  • Double
  • Open
  • Closed
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3
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

It is when the blood only passes through the heart once for each complete circuit of the body

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4
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

When the blood passes through the heart twice for each complete circuit of the body

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5
Q

Describe a fishes circulatory system.

A

The heart pumps the blood to the gills to pick up oxygen and then it goes through the rest of the body delivering oxygen before returning to the heart

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6
Q

Describe a mammals circulatory system.

A

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, then the blood goes from the lungs to the left side of the heart. It then pumps it to the rest of the body before going back to the heart

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7
Q

What is the name of the system that sends the blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary system

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8
Q

What is the name of the system that pumps blood to the rest of the body?

A

The systematic system

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9
Q

What is the advantage of the double circulatory system?

A

It gives the blood an extra push so the blood travels faster around the body without losing pressure so oxygen is delivered quicker

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10
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

It is when the blood is enclosed in blood vessels

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11
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

When the blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels all of the time, instead it flows freely in the body cavity

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12
Q

Describe a vertebrates closed circulatory system.

A

The heart pumps blood into the arteries that then branch out into capillaries. Substances then diffuse from the blood to the capillaries into body cells, then the veins take the blood back to the heart

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13
Q

Describe an invertebrates open circulatory system.

A

The heart contracts in a wave pumping the blood into a single main artery which opens up into the body cavity. The blood then flows around the insects organs gradually making its way back to the heart segment through a series of valves

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14
Q

What does an insects circulatory system transport around the body?

A

Nutrients and hormones
Oxygen is supplied through the tracheal system

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15
Q

How is an insects heart different to a mammals?

A

An insects heart is in segments that has valves to control the blood entering rather than being split into chambers

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
17
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood from the heart whilst maintaining a high pressure

18
Q

What are the 3 layer in veins and arteries and what are they made of?

A
  • Tunica intima(inside) = Endothelium
  • Tunica media(middle) = Elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • Tunica externa(outside) = Collegan fibres
19
Q

Describe the structure of an artery.

A
  • Thick muscle layer
  • Elastic tissue in the wall to stretch and recoil
  • The endothelium is folded which allows the artery to expand
  • Small lumen
20
Q

Describe how the structure of arterioles differs from arteries.

A

Similar structure but there is less elastic tissue as the smooth muscle allows them to expand or contract to control blood flow

21
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A

They are made of endothelium which is 1 cell thick

22
Q

Describe the structure of venules.

A

Thin wall that contains muscle cells

23
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

They take blood back to the heart under low pressure

24
Q

Describe the structure of a vein.

A
  • Wider lumen
  • Little elastic and muscle tissue
  • Thin endothelium
  • Valves to stop blood flowing backwards
25
Q

Why is the pulmonary artery different to normal arteries?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, not oxygenated blood

26
Q

Why is the pulmonary vein different to normal veins?

A

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs, not deoxygenated blood

27
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

It is the fluid that surrounds the cells in tissues.

28
Q

Describe the formation of tissue fluid.

A
  • At the start of the capillary bed the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid which forces the fluid out into the space around the cells
  • As the fluid leaves the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries reduces, so the hydrostatic pressure is lower at the end of the capillaries
  • At the venule end of the capillaries the water potential is lower than the water potential in the tissue so the oncotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure which causes 90% of the water to re-enter the capillaries through osmosis
29
Q

What happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that doesn’t re-enter the capillaries?

A

The extra tissue fluid returns to the blood through the lymphatic system

30
Q

Describe what happens in the lymphatic system.

A
  • The remaining tissue fluid goes into the lymphatic system through the lymph capillaries, so the tissue fluid is now known as lymph
    -The valves in the lymph vessels stop the lymph from going backwards as it gradually makes it way move towards the main lymph vessel in the thorax where it returns to the blood near the heart
31
Q

What components are in blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Proteins
  • Water
    -Dissolved solutes
32
Q

What components are in tissue fluid?

A
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes
  • Very few white blood cells, only enter when there is an infection
  • Very few proteins, most plasma proteins are too big to fit through the capillary walls
33
Q

What components are in lymph?

A
  • White blood cells
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes
  • Proteins, only antibodies
34
Q

Why are red blood cells only in the blood?

A

They are too big to go through the capillary walls

35
Q

When are platelets pressent in tissue fluid?

A

Only pressent when the capillary is damaged

36
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Between the atrium and the ventricle

37
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves?

A

They link the ventricles to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

38
Q

What do valves do?

A

They stop blood from flowing the wrong way by closing after the blood has passed through

39
Q

What cause the valves to open and close?

A
  • The valve opens when there is a high pressure behind it
  • The valve closes when there is a high pressure in front of the valve

Biology - OCR A (25 decks)

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