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Biology - OCR A > 3.1 - Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

3.1 - Exchange And Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do small organisms not need a specialised gas exchange system?

A

They don’t need one because they have a large SA:Volume ratio so oxygen is able to easily reach the centre of the organism so it can rely on simple diffusion

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2
Q

Why do large organisms require a specialised gas exchange system?

A

They have a small SA:Volume ration and multiple cells so oxygen is not able to reach all of the cell in the organism. So it requires a specialised system to do it

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3
Q

What are the features of an efficient gas exchange system?

A
  • A short diffusion pathway
  • A large surface area
  • Steep concentration gradient
  • Good blood supply
  • Moist
  • Well ventilated
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4
Q

What are the features of the mammalian gas exchange system?

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Ribs
  • Diaphragm
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

What tissues are in the respiratory system?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Smooth muscle
  • Elastic fibres
  • Epithelial tissue
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6
Q

How is the cartilage in the trachea specialised?

A

They have c shaped rings of cartilage to make the trachea stronger but also give the oesophagus room to expand

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7
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air breathed in and out in one breath

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8
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

The number of breathes taken in one minute

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9
Q

How do you work out breathing rate?

A

Count the number of full breathes in 60 seconds

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10
Q

How do you work out the tidal volume?

A
  • Draw 2 line one above and one below the trace
  • Measure 3 volumes between the lines
  • Work out the mean
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11
Q

How do you work out vital capacity?

A
  • Measure the height of the vital capacity (height of deep breathe out)
  • Convert the volume using the axis
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12
Q

Why is soda lime used in a spirometry machine?

A

To absorb the carbon dioxide that the person releases

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13
Q

How do humans inhale?

A
  • The diaphragm contracts causing it to move it down
  • External intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs
  • The volume of the thorax increases
  • Pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
  • Air moves into the lungs
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14
Q

How do humans exhale?

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes causing it to move up
  • External intercostal muscles relax and the ribs fall (intercostal muscles can contract to form more force)
  • Volume of the chest cavity decreases
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15
Q

How do insects breathe?

A
  • Oxygen goes through the spiracles that are on the thorax and abdomen
  • It then goes through the trachea
  • Goes into the tracheoles
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16
Q

How is the trachea adapted for its function?

A
  • C-shaped cartilage rings for support
  • Smooth muscle which can contract and the lumen constricts reducing air flow when there are harmful substance in the air
  • Elastic fibres allow the lumen to stretch and recoil
  • Ciliated epithelium with goblet cells so that anything harmful will get stuck in the mucus
17
Q

How are the bronchi and the bronchioles adapted?

A

Cartilage within the walls for structural support

18
Q

What is alveoli the site of?

A

Gas exchange

19
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

20
Q

How is the alveoli adapted?

A
  • Large SA - lots of alveoli in a small space
  • Short diffusion distance - walls are single cell thick (squamous epithelial)
  • Maintains a concentration gradient - surrounded by a network of capillaries to move the gases quickly
21
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The action of breathing

22
Q

What do you use to measure the volume of air inhaled and exhaled?

A

Spirometer

23
Q

How do you work out ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

24
Q

What happens during exercise?

A

Oxygen uptake increases and ventilation rate decreases

25
Q

How do fish breathe?

A
  1. The mouth opens and the bucal cavity is lowered
  2. Volume of the bucal cavity increases and the pressure decreases
  3. The opercular valve closes and the opercular cavity expands
  4. The bucal cavity raises and forces the water over the gills
  5. The opercular valve opens
26
Q

How are gills adapted?

A

4 layers of gill filaments and gill lamellae to increase SA and make a short diffusion pathway

27
Q

How does the counter current system work?

A

The water flows over the gill filaments in the opposite direction that the blood flows to ensure a diffusion gradient is maintained

28
Q

What are spiracles and where are they found?

A

Ring shaped openings on the thorax

29
Q

Who are spiricles adapted and why?

A

They have sphincters to open and close the spiracles to stop gases from entering or leaving

30
Q

What are the trachea in insects?

A

Hard tubes leading from the spiracles

31
Q

How is the trachea adapted and why (insects)?

A

Lined with chitin so that the tube don’t collapse

32
Q

What are tracheoles in insects?

A

Single called, elongated tubes that go to individual cells

33
Q

How are tracheoles adapted?

A

Permeable single cell walls for gas exchange and tracheole fluid to allow oxygen to dissolve in

34
Q

How is the nasal cavity adapted?

A
  • Large surface area and good blood supply to warm air to body temperature
  • Hairy lining that secretes mucus to trap dust and microorganisms
  • Moist surface that increases humidity to reduce evaporation
35
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to trap microorganisms and dust to stop then from reaching alveoli

36
Q

What is the function of cillia?

A

Hair like structure to beat mucus upwards to prevent it going into the alveoli

37
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Stretch and recoil whilst breathing in and out

38
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Helps control the diameter of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles by making them wider which means there is less resistance of airflow

Biology - OCR A (25 decks)

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