3.2 The Impact Of Sport On Society And Society On Sport Flashcards
What are the 2 main concerns of sociology?
- Examining interactions and interdependence (the way people live in groups within society).
- Examining how human behaviour becomes controlled (via family members, friends, schools).
Define society
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
Define socialisation
A lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
Define internalisation
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
What is primary socialisation?
Refers to socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family.
What is secondary socialisation?
This occurs during later years when the family is less involved and other ‘agencies’ are deliberately set up for the socialisation process and begin to have more influence.
Define gender socialisation
The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
Definition of social control
A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviours are regulated in social systems.
Define institution
An established organisation founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
Examples of social pressures towards women
- rule out certain sports requiring muscular development (seen as unfeminine).
- women are made to feel guilty about leaving young babies + tend to give up activities.
- lack of free time and disposable income.
- social control from peers and media to look feminine and have a slim appearance.
Define social change
An alteration in the social order of a society
What are the main causes of inequality?
- lack of money
- lack of confidence
- lack of role models/coaches
- myths + stereotypes
Define social issues
Problems that affect many people in society
Define inequality
The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within society
Why is the type of school you go to important?
- state/public
- affects the activities you can try, time devoted to sport, quality of coaching + facilities.
- those at the top of the system have more access to resources.
Define social structures
Organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society
Define stratification
System of rankings within society
How are some young people disadvantaged due to social inequality?
Children from low income families tend to have poorer health than other children. This may undermine their physical abilities and skill level. Less money to spend on sports equipment and coaching.
What is the social action theory?
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action.
What is the interactionist approach?
The study of how individuals behave within a society.
What does the interactionist approach help to understand?
- change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
- make sport organisations more democratic and less hierarchal
Define equal opportunities
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental and physical capability
Define prejudice
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on adequate facts. (Lack of tolerance/dislike of people from a specific race, religion or culture which can negatively affect a coach’s treatment of a performer from an ethnic minority group).
Define discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person or minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice.
What are the types of discrimination?
- Overt - visible/obvious
2. Covert - hidden/less obvious
Define stereotyping
A standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly.
What are the benefits of raising participation?
- improves health and fitness
- achieve healthy weight
- reduce blood pressure
- decrease anxiety and depression
- reduced strain on NHS
- lower crime rates
- reduced annual sickness absence costs
Define disability
A term used when impairment adversely affects performance.
Define integration
Able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time (marathon).
Define segregation
People with disabilities participating separately among themselves, eg Paralympics
Barriers to participation for disabled people
- lack of confidence
- low income/cost of transport + membership
- lack of access (ramps)
- lack of organised programmes
- lack of media coverage
- fewer role models
- lack of coaches and equipment
- myths/stereotypes of capability
Solutions for disabled athletes
- provide opportunities for success
- increase investment
- provide transport
- improved technology (prosthetics)
- increased media coverage
- training of more specialist coaches
- educate people about stereotypes
Define race
The physical characteristics of an individual
Define racism
A set of beliefs/ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; may lead to physical/verbal abuse.
Define ethnic groups
People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common.
What is stacking?
The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions, based on the stereotype that they’re more valuable for their physicality rather than their decision making and communication.
What is channeling?
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them.
Why are ethnic groups under-represented in sport?
- fear of racism
- fewer role models
- conflict with religious/cultural observations (Muslim women)
- language barriers
Solutions to racial disadvantages
- train more coaches
- ensuring single sex provisions
- publicising and punishing racist abuse
Define gender
Biological aspect of a person, either male or female
Define sexism
The belief that one sex is inferior to the other, usually women
Barriers to women in sport
- stereotypes
- less media coverage
- fewer role models
- less sponsorship opportunities
- negative impacts of PE programmes
- lack of fitness
- lack of confidence
- lack of leisure time
- lack of disposable income
- fewer leagues and competitions
Solutions to gender inequality
- enforce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful
- encourage shared domestic responsibilities
- educate people about stereotypes
What are the health benefits of participating in sport?
- avoidance of high blood pressure
- decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
- maintain healthy weight
- decreased risk of stroke/heart attack
- strengthen bones
- improved mental health
- decreased risk of some cancers
What are the fitness benefits of participating in sport?
Improved…
Posture Body shape Cardiovascular fitness Flexibility Agility Balance Speed/power Reaction time
What are the social benefits of participating in sport?
- raised levels of serotonin and endorphins
- improved sleep patterns
- social and emotional health improves
- develop friendships
