2.1 Skill Characteristics And Their Impact On Transfer And Practice Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a skill? (LACEFACE)
Learned Aesthetically pleasing Controlled Efficient Fluent Accurate Consistent Economical
Definition of skill
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
Difference between simple and complex skills
Simple skills are when the performer doesn’t have to process much information or make many decisions. Complex is the opposite.
Difference between open and closed skills
Open skills are performed in an unpredictable environment. Closed skills are performed in a predictable environment.
Difference between gross and fine skills
Gross skills use large muscle groups. Fine skills use smaller muscle groups.
Difference between self paced and externally paced skills
Self paced is when the performer controls the start and speed of the skill.
Externally paced is when the performer has no control over the start and speed of the skill.
Definition of discrete skill
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
Definition of a serial skill
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
Difference between high organised and low organised skills
Low organised skills can easily be broken into parts. High organised skills cannot easily be broken down into parts
What are the 4 types of transfer?
- Positive
- Negative
- Zero
- Bilateral
Definition of transfer
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.
What is positive transfer?
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another. Eg overarm volleyball serve and a tennis serve.
What is negative transfer?
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another. Eg rugby conversion kick and penalties in football.
What is zero transfer?
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another. Eg swimming and rock climbing
What is bilateral transfer?
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb. Eg shooting with left and right feet
How can a coach ensure positive transfer?
- making sure training is realistic
- ensure one skill is well learned before moving on to a more advanced skill
- highlight similarities
What are the methods of presenting practice?
- Whole practice
- Whole-part-whole practice
- Progressive part practice
Definition of whole practice
Practicing the skill in its entirety
Definition of whole-part-whole practice
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together.
Definition of progressive part practice
Practicing the first part of the skill then adding parts on gradually. Sometimes called chaining.
Advantages and disadvantages of whole practice
Advantages:
- creates specific images that can be stored as a motor programme.
- more realistic than part practice so it produces positive transfer
- helps make the skill consistent
Disadvantages:
- too much information to process
- cause fatigue
- not for beginners
Advantages and disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
Advantages:
- detects and corrects weakness
Disadvantages:
- time consuming
- some skills cannot be broken down (high organised skills)
Advantages and disadvantages of progressive part practice
Advantages:
- keeps links between parts
- stages of success gives motivation
- reduces fatigue
Disadvantages:
- time consuming
- negative transfer
- if the first part is incorrect, all is lost
What are the types of practice?
- Massed practice
- Distributed practice
- Varied practice
- Mental practice
Definition of massed practice
No rest intervals
Definition of distributed practice
Rest intervals
Definition of mental practice
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
Definition of varied practice
Changing the practice type and the practice drills
Advantages and disadvantages of massed practice
Advantages:
- forms motor programmes
- increased fitness
- creates habitual response
Disadvantages:
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- too demanding
Advantages and disadvantages of distributed practice
Advantages:
- allows recovery
- less danger
- allows feedback
Disadvantages:
- time consuming
- negative transfer
Advantages and disadvantages of varied practice
Advantages:
- builds a schema
- gives motivation
- allows adaptation
Disadvantages:
- fatigue
- too demanding
- could cause negative transfer
Advantages and disadvantages of mental practice
Advantages:
- improves reaction time
- builds confidence
- controls anxiety
Disadvantages:
- must be correct
- environment must be calm
