3.1 Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century (P2) Flashcards
Define amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Define professional
A person who plays sport for financial gain
What were the values of amateurism during late 19th C?
- manliness
- robustness
- physical endeavour
- appreciating the value of health and fitness
- appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- high moral integrity
What are the characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’?
- respected member of society
- high status in sport
- belonging to the social elite
- plenty of free time for sport
- playing a range of sport using natural talent
- playing sport to a high moral code
What are the positive impacts of amateurism?
- amateurs held a higher status than professionals
- the code of amateurism enforced the rules
- amateurism adhered to a code of ethics
- increased participation in sport as it was viewed as ‘character building’
- amateurs were the elite performers of the 19th century
Key features of early 20th century amateurs?
- still more elite than professionals
- high status
- controllers of sport
- highly moral (emphasised sportsmanship)
Key features of modern-day amateurs
- lower status
- some high level performers are still not professional
- performance at top level is open to all
- some amateurs receive finance for training expenses
How has the amateur code continued in British sport?
Eg:
shaking hands
calling referee ‘sir’
What factors are responsible for the growth of professional sport?
- all classes can compete
- people are respected for their talents
- high rewards for professionals (sponsorship)
- professionals have more time to train
- increased media coverage
- positive role models act as motivators
- more spectators
What are the reasons for the development of association football?
- urbanisation (increased audience)
- more leisure time
- more disposable income
- improved transport
- increased professionalism
- social class links (middle class approval)
- increased organisation
What is Bosman ruling?
A European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid.
What socio-cultural factors have led to an increase in opportunities for women?
- equal opportunities
- increased media coverage
- more female role models
- more provision via school PE programmes
- increased encouragement via FA
- more clubs are forming
- more funding
- more leisure time
Define lawn tennis
Originally called ‘sphairistrike’ and played on an hour glass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced.
Key features of lawn tennis
- middle class invention (alternative to real tennis)
- played by the middle class
- organised by the middle class
- use of specialist equipment
- standardised rules
- played by males and females
- spread to WC via public provisions
How was athletics rationalised into track & field athletics?
- Purpose built facilities + tracks built in mid 19th century.
- People started wagering and spectating on events.
- UC and MC ran for enjoyment (amateurs).
- LC ran for money and were deemed professionals.
Why was sport seen as a non-acceptable activity for women?
It was un-lady like due to strict dress code
What are the components of Golden Triangle?
Media, Business and Sport
Define media
An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly.
Define golden triangle
Refers to the relationship between sport, business and media.
Define commercialisation
Process of attempting to gain money from an activity
Define sponsorship
When a company pays money for their products to be publicly advertised to increase sales.
Define merchandising
Where a brand or image of one product is used to sell another.
Characteristics of commercial sport
- contracts
- wide media coverage
- entertainment
Effects of commercialisation on professional performers
High income for participation + promoting products -> financial security.
Must specialise in a sport which requires serious training and dedication.
Successful results means pay rise.
Under pressure to perform when injured.
Effects of commercialisation on sport
- Rules and regulations changed
- Breaks are provided so sponsors can advertise
- Competition formats have changed
- Sports played by women receive less coverage
- Increased technology gives spectators a more personal experience
Why do companies invest large amounts of money into sport?
- increased sales and profits
- creates association with excellence at highest levels of sport
- links corporate hospitality
- creates association with healthy image of sport
- increased brand awareness/adds value
- improves company moral
Define globalisation
Process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel
How is globalisation seen in sport?
- sponsorship of events
- players are recruited to play for teams in other countries
- spreading of different sports to new nations
- increased pressure on athletes to perform at their best —> could lead misuse of substances
Define social media
Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking
What impact does social media have on sport?
- creates large and engaged fan bases
- allows athletes to interact with audience
- spectators can keep up with news
