3.1 Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century (P1)

Question 1

What was life like in pre-industrial Britain (pre 1780)?

Answer 1

• communication and transport was limited
• widespread illiteracy in LC
• LC was cruel and violent, UC lived in comfort and luxury
• limited free time due to long working hours
• clear class division
• people lived in the countryside/rural areas

Question 2

What is the feudal system?

Answer 2

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for labour.

Question 3

Define popular recreation

Answer 3

The sport and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain.

Question 4

Characteristics of popular recreation

Answer 4

• sport was localised
• limited organisation
• uncodified
• violent and aggressive
• occasionally played
• upper and lower class activities were clearly separated

Question 5

What was mob football like?

Answer 5

• Played by LC/peasants
• Localised due to limited transport
• Played in fields using natural resources
• Played occasionally (holy days/shrove Tuesday)
• Male dominated, violent, unruly, reflects conditions in society

Question 6

What was real tennis like?

Answer 6

• Played by UC males
• High moral code, lacked violence, civilised manner, respectful
• Lots of leisure time, played on regular basis
• Non local as they could travel to play
• Skilful game with difficult technical demands
• Showed UC superiority over the LC

Question 7

What was athletics (foot racing) like?

Answer 7

• Played by footmen, competed as messengers for UC across land
• Form of competitive running/walking involving feats of endurance
• Success meant increased social status
• UC acted as patrons for the LC runners

Question 8

Define foot racing

Answer 8

Form of competitive running/walking in the 17th and 18th centuries involving feats of endurance.

Question 9

Define patron

Answer 9

Member of the gentry who looked after the LC performer

Question 10

How do popular recreations link to pre-1780 festivals?

Answer 10

• Set in rural location
• Rules were simple/unwritten
• Occurred annually
• Events were local with people from neighbouring villages joining in
• Betting occurred, with wagers placed on the outcome of races

Question 11

Who founded the Wenlock Games?

Answer 11

Dr William Penny Brookes in 1850

Question 12

Negative effects of rationalised sports during the first half of the 19th century

Answer 12

Lack of leisure time - 12 hour working days, 6 days a week

Migration of the LC into the cities - new factories being built led to loss of space to play mob games (overcrowding).

Lack of income - low wages + poverty, little spare income for leisure pursuits + sport

Lack of public provisions - no access to private facilities/no personal equipment for LC

Poor health - poor working/living conditions led to pollution, lack of hygiene, little energy to play sport,

Loss of rights - restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by change in criminal law

Question 13

Improvements in the second half of industrial revolution (1850-1900)

Answer 13

• healthy and hygiene improved
• gradual increase in wages
• development of middle class
• influence of ex-public school boys
• values of athleticism
• industrial patronage
• improved transport and communication
• cheaper to travel

Question 14

Define industrial patronage

Answer 14

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.

Question 15

Define rational recreation

Answer 15

In the 19th century, these were the sports and pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 16

Why were popular recreation activities banned in the 19th century?

Answer 16

Violent and unruly in nature
Led to injury or death
Led to damage of property
Involved gambling/wagering
Linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour

Question 17

Define urbanisation

Answer 17

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 18

How has urbanisation developed sport?

Answer 18

Lack of work space
Large working class population
Loss of traditional sport
Change in working conditions

Question 19

How did railways help sport to develop?

Answer 19

• movement of teams/spectators
• access to different parts of the country
• cheaper train travel
• improved access to countryside

Question 20

How did the church influence sport?

Answer 20

• Use their facilities
• Encourage civilised behaviour
• Promote social control
• Organised sports teams
• Increased attendance for the church.

Question 21

Define codification

Answer 21

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules

Question 22

Define philanthropist

Answer 22

kind, generous MC people who had a social conscience and were keen to provide a better life among the WC.

Question 23

Define public provisions

Answer 23

development of facilities through MC philanthropists

Question 24

How did sport spread through the British Empire?

Answer 24

As teachers: taught traditional sporting values

As industrialists: set up teams and have workers time off

As clergy: became missionaries and took sport abroad

As officers in the British army: used sport within the armed forces

As diplomats: they travelled the world and took sport with them

• they formed the national governing bodies of sport.

Question 25

Why did NGBs begin to develop in the 19th century?

Answer 25

• sport was becoming increasing popular
• more teams and clubs were forming
• more national and international fixtures were being organised
• leagues + competitions were required for these teams to compete in
• nationally agreed rules + codification were required
• maintenance of amateur ideal to maintain control of sport

Question 26

Define rational recreation

Answer 26

Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification.

Question 27

What the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 27

• respectability: non violent in nature
• regionally/nationally/regularly played
• codification + administration: strict and complex written rules set down by NGBs
• referees/officials: enforced the newly developed rules
• purpose built facilities: set around urban areas with large populations
• skills/tactics based: performers trained to improve technique and fitness