3.1 Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century (P1) Flashcards
What was life like in pre-industrial Britain (pre 1780)?
- communication and transport was limited
- widespread illiteracy in LC
- LC was cruel and violent, UC lived in comfort and luxury
- limited free time due to long working hours
- clear class division
- people lived in the countryside/rural areas
What is the feudal system?
A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for labour.
Define popular recreation
The sport and pastimes of people in pre industrial Britain.
Characteristics of popular recreation
- sport was localised
- limited organisation
- uncodified
- violent and aggressive
- occasionally played
- upper and lower class activities were clearly separated
What was mob football like?
- Played by LC/peasants
- Localised due to limited transport
- Played in fields using natural resources
- Played occasionally (holy days/shrove Tuesday)
- Male dominated, violent, unruly, reflects conditions in society
What was real tennis like?
- Played by UC males
- High moral code, lacked violence, civilised manner, respectful
- Lots of leisure time, played on regular basis
- Non local as they could travel to play
- Skilful game with difficult technical demands
- Showed UC superiority over the LC
What was athletics (foot racing) like?
- Played by footmen, competed as messengers for UC across land
- Form of competitive running/walking involving feats of endurance
- Success meant increased social status
- UC acted as patrons for the LC runners
Define foot racing
Form of competitive running/walking in the 17th and 18th centuries involving feats of endurance.
Define patron
Member of the gentry who looked after the LC performer
How do popular recreations link to pre-1780 festivals?
- Set in rural location
- Rules were simple/unwritten
- Occurred annually
- Events were local with people from neighbouring villages joining in
- Betting occurred, with wagers placed on the outcome of races
Who founded the Wenlock Games?
Dr William Penny Brookes in 1850
Negative effects of rationalised sports during the first half of the 19th century
Lack of leisure time - 12 hour working days, 6 days a week
Migration of the LC into the cities - new factories being built led to loss of space to play mob games (overcrowding).
Lack of income - low wages + poverty, little spare income for leisure pursuits + sport
Lack of public provisions - no access to private facilities/no personal equipment for LC
Poor health - poor working/living conditions led to pollution, lack of hygiene, little energy to play sport,
Loss of rights - restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by change in criminal law
Improvements in the second half of industrial revolution (1850-1900)
- healthy and hygiene improved
- gradual increase in wages
- development of middle class
- influence of ex-public school boys
- values of athleticism
- industrial patronage
- improved transport and communication
- cheaper to travel
Define industrial patronage
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.
Define rational recreation
In the 19th century, these were the sports and pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
Why were popular recreation activities banned in the 19th century?
Violent and unruly in nature Led to injury or death Led to damage of property Involved gambling/wagering Linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
Define urbanisation
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
How has urbanisation developed sport?
Lack of work space
Large working class population
Loss of traditional sport
Change in working conditions
How did railways help sport to develop?
- movement of teams/spectators
- access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel
- improved access to countryside
How did the church influence sport?
- Use their facilities
- Encourage civilised behaviour
- Promote social control
- Organised sports teams
- Increased attendance for the church.
Define codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules
Define philanthropist
kind, generous MC people who had a social conscience and were keen to provide a better life among the WC.
Define public provisions
development of facilities through MC philanthropists
How did sport spread through the British Empire?
As teachers: taught traditional sporting values
As industrialists: set up teams and have workers time off
As clergy: became missionaries and took sport abroad
As officers in the British army: used sport within the armed forces
As diplomats: they travelled the world and took sport with them
- they formed the national governing bodies of sport.
Why did NGBs begin to develop in the 19th century?
- sport was becoming increasing popular
- more teams and clubs were forming
- more national and international fixtures were being organised
- leagues + competitions were required for these teams to compete in
- nationally agreed rules + codification were required
- maintenance of amateur ideal to maintain control of sport
Define rational recreation
Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification.
What the characteristics of rational recreation?
- respectability: non violent in nature
- regionally/nationally/regularly played
- codification + administration: strict and complex written rules set down by NGBs
- referees/officials: enforced the newly developed rules
- purpose built facilities: set around urban areas with large populations
- skills/tactics based: performers trained to improve technique and fitness
