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AQA AS Physical Education > 3.2: The Impact Of Sport On Society And Of Society On Sport > Flashcards

3.2: The Impact Of Sport On Society And Of Society On Sport Flashcards

1
Q

Society definition:

A
  • an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
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2
Q

What are examples of where sporting success particularly impacts of society?

A
  • the Ashes: Australia being a former colony is looking to beat England.
  • national pride achieved through success: in Britain through Team GB’s third position on the medal table at London 2012.
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3
Q

What is socialisation?

A
  • a lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
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4
Q

What are the two types of socialisation?

A
  • primary socialisation

- secondary socialisation

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5
Q

What is primary socialisation?

A
  • socialisation during early childhood through influence of immediate family.
  • a key process is internalisation.
  • play is a good way to learn how to share, interact and practise becoming an adult.
  • for many families, physical exercise provides a time when they come together, e.g. cycling as a family.
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6
Q

What is secondary socialisation?

A
  • socialisation in teenage years through influence of peer groups, friends and school.
  • school is an important part of social development, e.g. it can teach important moral skills such as co-operation, teamwork and learning to take responsibility for one’s own actions.
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7
Q

What is internalisation?

A
  • the les don’t or values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.
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8
Q

what is gender socialisation?

A
  • the act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
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9
Q

What is social control?

A
  • the concept that refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
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10
Q

Social change definition:

A
  • an alteration int he social order of a society.
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11
Q

What is social change?

A
  • occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet ‘new needs’ of groups in society such as women. For example, social changes offered by leisure providers such as local councils via more crèche facilities to lessen the negative effects of traditional childcare responsibilities.
  • ‘Social Change’ can therefore be viewed as an alteration in the social order of a society. Sporting activities can be used in specialist programmes to try to bring about social change in a positive way.
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12
Q

What are social issues?

A
  • problems that affect many people within a society.
  • social inequality
  • sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination (sexism)
  • women still fade wage differences compared to men’s earnings.
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13
Q

What are possible causes or inequality?

A
  • lack of money/costs of participating
  • lack of confidence/self-esteem
  • lack of role models to aspire to as participants/coaches/leaders of sports organisations in positions of responsibility.
  • myths or stereotypes
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14
Q

inequality definition:

A
  • the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society.
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15
Q

What is social stratification?

A
  • a type of social inequality where society is divisive into different levels in the basis of a social characteristic, such as wealth or status.
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16
Q

How is the social stratification system visible in sport?

A
  • there are a number of groups who are under-represented in terms of sports involvement, e.g. ethnic minority groups, individuals with a disability, etc.
  • some individuals and groups have traditionally help the positions of power - in the UK these have tended to be white males from the middle classes - this leads to social stratification of society being reflected in sport giving power and influence to those at the top.
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17
Q

Social class definition:

A
  • a term used to define social inequalities, i.e. certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power than others.
  • factors which contribute to social class include a person’s job, family background, education and income.
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18
Q

Social class/stratification and schools:

A
  • children from low-income families tend to have poorer health than other children.
  • poor levels of health may undermine their physical abilities and skill levels.
  • children from low-income families also have less money to spend on sports equipment, etc.
  • schools in more affluent areas have better facilities than those located in working-class areas.
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19
Q

Social class and clubs:

A
  • sports like tennis and golf are still played predominantly by those of a social class who can afford to play.
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20
Q

What is social action theory?

A
  • accepts that sport is produced and developed at a particular time though the relationships and social networks of people who share similar views.
  • social action theory stresses the fact that people can intervene in social processes and change them.
  • the process of ‘social action’ may be as a protest to the morn where a social group decides to do something different and it gathers momentum and support. E.g. snowboarding.
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21
Q

Equal opportunities definition:

A
  • the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability.
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22
Q

Préjudice définition:

A
  • to form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts (e.g. lack of tolerance, dislike of people from a specific race, religion or culture which can negatively affect a coach’s treatment of a performer from an ethnic minority group).
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23
Q

Discrimination définition:

A
  • the unfair treatment of a person orc minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice.
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24
Q

What are the two types of discrimination?

A
  • overt discrimination: visible/obvious (e.g. verbal racists abuse of a player)
  • covert discrimination: hidden/less obvious (e.g. non-selection of an individual as captain because of their race).
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25
Q

Stereotyping definition:

A
  • a standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly.
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26
Q

Sport England’s equality and diversity policy:

A
  • developing a culture that enables and values everyone’s full involvement.
  • creating an environment in which everyone has opportunities to play, compete, officiate, coach, volunteer and run community sport.
  • overcoming potential barriers for those wishing to play sport, particularly if they are from groups who are currently under-represented in sport.
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27
Q

What are the individual health benefits?

A
  • increased health and fitness;
  • lower body weight;
  • lower blood pressure/stress levels;
  • raised self-esteem
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28
Q

what are the health benefits on society?

A
  • less strain on the NHS;

- lower obesity levels

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29
Q

What are the social benefits on the individual?

A
  • improved social skills

- improved ability to develop friendships

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30
Q

What are the social benefits to society?

A
  • increased community integration

- improved community morale

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31
Q

What are the crime benefits on the individual?

A
  • more positive use of free time
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32
Q

What are the crime benefits to society?

A
  • lower crime statistics
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33
Q

What are the employment benefits on the individual?

A
  • increased productivity at work

- lower absenteeism

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34
Q

What are the employment benefits to society?

A
  • workplace/employer benefits as less time off work/higher productivity rates.
35
Q

What are the economic benefits on the individual?

A
  • increased spending on healthy pursuits.
36
Q

What are the economic benefits to society?

A
  • more money is put into the economy via increased ‘leisure-spend’
37
Q

Sport England data - sports participation:

A
  • 2015-2016: 25.6% of inactive adults
  • 2017-2018: 25.2% of inactive adults
  • 2015-2016: 62:1% of active adults
  • 2016-2017: 62.3% of active adults
38
Q

What are examples of barriers to participation?

A
  • lack of time
  • negative social influences; poor PE experiences
  • lack of motivation
  • lack of skill
  • lack of resources/costs of participation
  • family obligations/domestic responsibilities.
39
Q

Lack of time - solution:

A
  • add physical activity to a daily routine

- e.g. walk or cycle to work/school

40
Q

Negative social influences; poor PE experiences - solution:

A
  • invite family and friends to exercise with you

- join a group where physical activity played an important part, e.g. youth club offering activities such as DofE.

41
Q

Lack of motivation - solution:

A
  • invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis; join an exercise class
42
Q

Lack of skill - solution:

A
  • select activities requiring few or no skills, e.g. walking/jogging
43
Q

Lack of resources/costs of participation - solution:

A
  • select activities which require few facilities/limited equipment, e.g. walking, jogging, skipping
44
Q

Family obligations/ domestic responsibilities - solution:

A
  • exercise with the children - go for a walk or swim.
45
Q

What are examples or target groups?

A
  • women
  • disabled groups
  • ethnic minorities
46
Q

Barriers to participation - disability:

A
  • low level participation
  • 2018: the number of disabled people participating in sport has decreased by 10% since London 2012.
  • the number of disabled people participating in weekly exercise has fallen by 169,700 since 2012.
47
Q

What is disability?

A
  • may be physical, sensory or mental in nature, with all of these impairments potentially negatively affecting participation in sport.
  • Society continues to discriminate and impose barriers on disabled people’s participation in physical activity.
48
Q

Discrimination against disabled people:

A
  • Tanni Grey-Thompson: had to collect award in her seat due to limited access to the stage.
49
Q

Intégration définition:

A
  • able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time (e.g. the London Marathon)
50
Q

Segregation definition:

A
  • people with disabilities participating separately among themselves
  • e.g. the Paralympics
51
Q

What are common barriers - disability?

A
  • negative self-image or lack of confidence
  • lack of organised problems
  • relatively low income levels; costs of participation such as membership fees and transport.
  • low levels of media coverage; few role models to aspire to be like.
  • lack of specialist coaches
  • myths/stereotypes
52
Q

What are solutions - disability?

A
  • providing more opportunities for success; helping talented athletes reach the highest levels possible: Paralympics
  • increased investment in disabled sport: subsidise it and make it more affordable
  • increased media coverage and promoting role models to relate to.
  • educating people on myths and stereotypes about the capabilities of disabled people.
  • improved technology; wheelchairs/prosthetics.
  • providing transport to facilities - improved access around facilities.
53
Q

Race definition:

A
  • the physical characteristics of an individual
54
Q

Racism definition:

A
  • a set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse.
55
Q

Ethnic groups definition:

A
  • people who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common.
56
Q

What is racism?

A
  • illegal but still exists in society
  • stems from the prejudice linked with the power of one racial group in society over another. This can lead to discrimination, e.g. the exclusion of an individual from participation on the basis of their race/ethnicity.
57
Q

What are examples of racism in sport?

A
  • stacking: the disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision-making and communication qualities.
  • channelling: ethnic minorities mag be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about that. E.g. cricket.
58
Q

Sporting Equals 2015 data - sports participation:

A
  • 74% of south Asian women do not exercise regularly compared with 55% of all women.
  • few people from BME communities hold official positions within sporting organisations; 3% in coaching, 3.6% in volunteer management and 7% in the professional workforce.
59
Q

What are some possible causes or under-representation?

A
  • conflict with religious/cultural observances (e.g. a particular concern with Muslim women)
  • a higher value based on education as opposed to sporting participation
  • fear of racism/abuse, prejudice and discrimination
  • fewer role models to aspire to, particularly in coaching and managerial roles.
  • fear of rejection/ low levels of self-esteem
  • language barriers may exist for some ethnic minority groups.
60
Q

What are possible solutions to racial disadvantage in sport?

A
  • training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers, sports leaders and educating them on the effects of stereotyping.
  • ensure there is single-sex provision, e.g. for Muslim women to overcome any cultural barriers which might negatively impact on participation.
  • organising campaigns against racism in sport.
  • publicising and punishing severely any racist abuse.
  • ensuring provision in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences. For example, kit rules and showering procedures.
61
Q

What is the Rooney Rule?

A
  • established in the USA in 2003 by Dan Rooney.
  • requires national football teams in the USA to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operations.
  • it has been viewed as successful in opening doors for minority head coaches in American football.
  • 1992-2002: only 7 of 92 coaching vacancies went to minority groups but from 2003: minorities have filled 17 of the head coaching vacancies (approx.20%)
62
Q

Gender definition:

A
  • the biological aspect of a person, either a male or female
63
Q

Sexism definition:

A
  • the belief that one sex is inferior o the other, usually women.
64
Q

What are possible reasons why women are under-represented in sport?

A
  • stereotypical myths
  • less media coverage of women’s sport compared to men’s.
  • fewer role models to aspire to be like
  • fewer sponsorship opportunities and opportunities to become full-time sports performers.
  • negative impact or school PE programmes, e.g. rules or showering/kit; lack of appealing choice of activities.
65
Q

What are possible solutions to gender inequality in sport?

A
  • introduce/enforce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful in many spheres of like. For example, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
  • increased sponsorship attracted to women’s sport.
  • providing education to refute/reject the stereotypical myths
  • encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities, creating more leisure time for women to devote to sport.
66
Q

Sport equality - boat race:

A
  • 2015: the Oxford and Cambridge men’s and women’s boat races took place on the same day.
67
Q

Why are football and netball seeing an increase in female participation?

A
  • increase opportunities in society in general
  • increased media coverage of women’s football - e.g. the World Cup in France, June 2019. More role models.
  • more opportunities for girls to play football in school PE programmes.
  • more football clubs to join in different areas.
  • rejection of stereotypes affecting female participation
  • general increase in leisure time and disposable income available to women.
68
Q

What are the benefits of raising participation?

A
  • health benefits
  • fitness benefits
  • social benefits
69
Q

What are the health benefits of raising participation?

A
  • decreased risk of heart disease/stroke
  • avoidance of high/low blood pressure
  • decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity.
  • strengthening of bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis and back pain
  • improved mental health and stress management; decreased risk of conditions such as anxiety/depression
  • ## decreased risk of some cancers (e.g. colon cancer and breast cancer).
70
Q

What are the fitness benefits of raising participation?

A
  • improved posture
  • improved body shape/body tone as a result of weight loss; improved body composition
  • improved cardiovascular fitness, e.g. long-distance cycling and walking
  • improved flexibility
  • improved speed/power
  • improved rection time
  • improved muscular strength/muscular endurance
71
Q

What are the social benefits of raising participation?

A
  • raised levels of serotonin and endorphins - having a calming effect and help a person feel happier
  • improved sleep patterns result from participation in regular exercise, which can enhance a person’s mood and their relationships.
  • improve skills of concentration
  • introduces us to new people who share a common interest and helps develop new friendships/relationships.
  • confidence and self-esteem increases
72
Q

County sport partnerships (CSPs)?

A
  • national networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity.
73
Q

What are CSPs?

A
  • work with a number of sport providers including local authorities, health organisations, NGBs, sport clubs and schools/education providers - with a commitment to increase participation.
74
Q

Sport England and local partners?

A
  • Sport England invests in 49 CSPs across the country so that programmes can be delivered regionally/locally to meet specific local needs where they exist.
  • they also offer help and expertise to local authorities to help them develop sport into their areas, designing and implementing schemes and initiative specific to their needs and requirements.
  • outreach teams work across the different regions offering support and advice as and when necessary at a local level.
75
Q

What were the aims of Sport England?

A
  • help more people have a sporting habit for life
  • create more opportunities for young people to play sport
  • nurture and develop talent
  • provide the right facilities in the right places
  • support local authorise and unlock local funding
  • ensure real opportunities for communities.
76
Q

Examples of national partners?

A
  • Activity Alliance
  • Sporting Equals
  • Women in Sport
  • StreetGames
77
Q

What is activity alliance?

A
  • a national charity (previously the EFDS) dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people.
78
Q

What is sporting equals?

A
  • an organisation which exists to actively promotes grater involved by disadvantaged communities and particularly in the back and minority ethic (BME) population
79
Q

What is women in sport?

A
  • the new name for the WSFF, which aims to make being active more attractive to women and teenage girls by trying to break down the barriers which exist and putting women off
80
Q

What is StreetGames?

A
  • a national charity dedicated to developing sport with disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances.
  • working to create networks at national and local levels to strengthen the commitment to ‘doorstep sport’
  • streetgames provides affordable, low-cost sessions within the neighbourhood of communities so travel is less of an issue.
81
Q

What was the Everyone Can initiative?

A
  • initiative by UK Active and Sport England aimed to change perceptions around disabled people’s participation in physical activity.
  • Sport England ring-fenced £10.2 million to improve the sport on offer for disabled people.
  • ‘Inclusive Sport’ was another initiative designed to build on Sport England investments to improve je expertise offered by the disability sport sector.
  • ‘Get Equipped’ is a funding scheme aimed at providing disabled performers with the specialist equipment requires to engage in sporting activity.
82
Q

Examples of other disability sports organisations?

A
  • British Blind Sport
  • British Wheelchair Sport (Wheelpower)
  • Mencap Sport/Special Olympics GB.
  • the EFDS works with nine focus CSPs his dedicated engagement officers to give more concentrated support to increase disability sport participation.
83
Q

What are some of the available initiatives to address the inactivity of women in sport? (Sport England)

A
  • they are making women’s sport a major priority financially across the board in the 46 core sport NGBs in which they are investing millions of pounds.
  • 2015: they invested £2.3 million into ‘I Will If You Will’ - a year long pioneering behavioural change pilot in the local authority of Bury to help undertake how to get more women playing sport.
  • 2016: ‘This Girl Can’ initiative was also introduced - a scheme designed to help overcome barriers to increase participation in sports among women and girls.

AQA AS Physical Education (15 decks)

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