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AQA AS Physical Education > 1.4: The Musculoskeletal System and Analysis of Movement in Physical Activities > Flashcards

1.4: The Musculoskeletal System and Analysis of Movement in Physical Activities Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints?

A
  • a joint is formed where any two or more bones meet.

- are necessary for muscles to lever bones, thus creating movement.

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2
Q

What are the types of joints?

A
  • fibrous (fixed)
  • cartilaginous (slightly movable)
  • synovial (freely movable)
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3
Q

what are the two types of synovial joints?

A
  • the ball and socket joint (shoulder and hip)

- hinge joint (elbow, knee and ankle)

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4
Q

Label skeleton:

A
  • look at notes
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5
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A
  • allows movement in every direction.
  • hip: ball - femur, socket - pelvis
  • shoulder: ball - humerus, socket - scapula
  • articulating bones:
  • hip: femur and pelvis
  • shoulder: humerus and scapula
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6
Q

Articulating definition:

A
  • this refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint.
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7
Q

What movement is there at the shoulder joint?

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • hyper-extension
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8
Q

What movement is there at the hip joint?

A

abduction

  • adduction
  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • hyper-extension
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9
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A
  • allows movement in only one direction, due to the shape of the bones making up the joint.
  • examples: ankle, knee and elbow
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10
Q

Hinge joint - articulating bones?

A
  • ankle: talus, tibia and fibula
  • elbow: humerus, radius and ulna
  • knee: femur and tibia
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11
Q

what are the types of planes?

A
  • sagittal plane (transverse axis)
  • frontal plane (sagittal axis)
  • transverse plane (longitudinal axis)
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12
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A
  • this is a vertical plane, which divides the body into right and left halves
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13
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A
  • a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves.
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14
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A
  • this divides the body into upper and lower halves.
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15
Q

Différent planes - sporting examples?

A
  • sagittal: bicep curl
  • frontal: cartwheel
  • transverse: ice-skating 360 degrees spin
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16
Q

What are the three axes of movement?

A
  • transverse axis: runs from the side to side across the body.
  • sagittal axis: runs from front to back
  • longitudinal axis/ runs from top to bottom.
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17
Q

Movements in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyper-extension
  • (plantar flexion and dorsiflexion)
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18
Q

Movements in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis?

A
  • abduction

- adduction

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19
Q

Movements in a transverse about a longitudinal axis?

A
  • horizontal abduction

- horizontal adduction

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20
Q

Flexion définition:

A
  • decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
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21
Q

Extension definition:

A
  • increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
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22
Q

Plantar- flexion définition:

A
  • pointing the toes towards the ground/ pulling up on your toes.
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23
Q

Dorsiflexion definition:

A
  • pulling the toes up towards the shin
24
Q

Hyper-extension definition:

A
  • increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.
25
Q

Abduction définition:

A
  • movement of a body part (limb) away from the midline of the body
26
Q

Adduction définition:

A
  • movement of a body part towards the body’s midline.
27
Q

Horizontal abduction définition:

A
  • movement of a limb forwards while it is held parallel to the ground.
28
Q

Horizontal adduction définition:

A
  • movement of a limb backwards while it is being held parallel to the ground.
29
Q

Flexion and extension at the shoulder:

A
  • flexion: raising the arms forward

- extension: lowering the arm down and backwards

30
Q

Agonist definition:

A
  • the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring.
31
Q

Antagonist definition:

A
  • the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce a co-ordinated movement)
32
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle action?

A
  • when one muscle is acting as an agonist and the other is acting the antagonist, the muscles are said to be working together as a pair to produce the required movement.
33
Q

elbow flexion - agonist and antagonist

A
  • agonist: biceps

- antagonist: triceps

34
Q

elbow extension - agonist and antagonist :

A
  • agonist: triceps

- antagonist: biceps

35
Q

Ankle plantar flexion - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: gastrocnemius

- antagonist: tibialis anterior

36
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: tibialis anterior

- antagonist: gastrocnemius

37
Q

Knee flexion - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: hamstrings

- antagonist: quadriceps

38
Q

Knee extension - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: quadriceps

- antagonist: hamstrings

39
Q

Hip flexion - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: hip flexors (iliopsoas)

- antagonist: gluteals

40
Q

Hip extension/hyper-extension agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: gluteals

- antagonist: hip flexors

41
Q

Hip adduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus

- antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

42
Q

Hip abduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

- antagonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus

43
Q

Hip horizontal adduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: adductors

- antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

44
Q

Hip horizontal abduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

- antagonist: adductors

45
Q

Shoulder flexion - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: anterior deltoid

- antagonist: latissimus dorsi

46
Q

Shoulder extension/hyper-extension - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: latissimus dorsi

- antagonist: pectorals

47
Q

Shoulder horizontal abduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: latissimus dorsi

- antagonist: pectorals

48
Q

Shoulder horizontal adduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: pectorals

- antagonist: latissimus dorsi

49
Q

Shoulder adduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: posterior deltoid/ latissimus dorsi

- antagonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus

50
Q

Shoulder abduction - agonist and antagonist:

A
  • agonist: middle deltoid/ supraspinatus

- antagonist: posterior deltoid/ latissimus dorsi.

51
Q

What are the two types of muscular contraction?

A
  • isotonic contraction

- isometric contraction

52
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A
  • when a muscle contracts to make movement.

- two types: concentric and eccentric

53
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A
  • when a muscle shortens under tension
  • e.g. during the upward phase of an arm curl - the biceps performs a concentric contestation as it shortens to produce flexion of the elbow
54
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A
  • when a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake
  • e.g. landing from a standing jump - quads performing negative work as they are supporting the weight of the body when landing. The knee joint is in the flexed position but the quads are unable to relax as the weight of the body ensures that they lengthen under tension
55
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A
  • when a muscle can context without actually lengthening or shortening and the result is that no movement occurs
  • it occurs when a muscle is acting as a fixator or acting against a resistance
  • e.g. crucifix position in gymnastics.

AQA AS Physical Education (15 decks)

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