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A-Level Sociology - Education > 3.2 - Gender (Differential achievement in education) > Flashcards

3.2 - Gender (Differential achievement in education) Flashcards

1
Q

Stat to prove girls outperform boys

A

9% gap between males and females achieving A*-C at GCSE

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2
Q

Name the external factors (4)

A

Rise of feminism
Changes within the family
Changes in women employment
Changes in girls ambitions

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3
Q

How has rise of feminism lead to more achievement for girls.

A

McRobbie - Change of media and representation of women

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4
Q

AO3 rise of feminism

A

Minority groups - Saudi Arabia an deprived of education

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5
Q

Examples of changes in the family (3)

A

More divorces
Decrease in marriages
Increase in lone-parent families

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6
Q

3 reasons why women employment has changed

A

Equal pay act
Sex discrimination act
Contraception

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7
Q

What does Posser think about changes in women employment

A

Changes in economic change

See future in paid work, not a housewife

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8
Q

What does Sharpe say about changes in girl’s ambitions

A

Changes in economic change

See future in paid work, not a housewife

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9
Q

Gender quake AO3

A

Women are still oppressed

Gender pay gap, glass ceiling

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10
Q

External factors A03 (3)

A

Education is still patriarchal (radical) - senior leadership dominated by men

Biological, not sociological - girls brains mature faster

Heaton (postmod) - can’t be understood by looking at gender alone

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11
Q

List the internal factors (4

A

Equal opportunities policy
Positive role models
Introduction of coursework
Teacher interaction

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12
Q

Policies to decrease gender achievement gap

A

GIST
WISE
National curriculem

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13
Q

Education has become ………..

A

Feminised

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14
Q

Why did coursework benefit girls?

A

Need to be organised and motivated

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15
Q

What did Gorard say about the gender gap?

A

It was consistent until coursework was introduced

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16
Q

Introduction of coursework AO3

A

Elwood - exam performance is main factor for grades

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17
Q

What des Croll and Moses say about teacher interaction?

A

Boys receive more of the teacher’s time but it’s mainly negative interactions

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18
Q

3 other pieces of supporting research for boys having negative interactions with the teacher

A

Spender - teachers spend more time interacting with boys

Francis - Boys are more harshly disciplined and were being picked on

Swan and Graddol - Most interactions between teachers and girls were educational

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19
Q

All of the internal factors have been summarised by Sewell in the ……………….

A

Feminisation of education

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20
Q

Internal factors AO3 (3)

A

Links to external factors

Murphy - females outperformed boys before coursework

Marshall - idea of feminisation of education only reinforces stereotypical ideologies.

21
Q

Reasons why boys underachieve (4)

A

Literacy differences
Globalisation
Feminisation of education
Laddish subculture

22
Q

Why are boys less good at literacy?

A

Parents spend less time reading to them as its feminine

23
Q

2 policies to encourage boys to read

A

Dad and son’s campaign

Reading champions - bronze, silver, gold

24
Q

How has globalisation of factories caused an identity crisis for men?

A

Mac an Ghaill - WC men had high levels of unemployment so lost traditional instrumental role in the family.

25
Globalisation caused a ........... .... ............
Crisis of masculinity
26
AO3 globalisation
Murray - Welfare benefits means men are happy to leave school with no qualifications
27
How is the halo effect relevant in feminisation of education?
Self fulfilling prophecy - feminine qualities are rewarded
28
2 ways how education has become feminised. Describe them.
16% of primary school teachers are male - no male role model Feminised style of working - taking notes and listening
29
Who created feminisation of education?
Sewell
30
AO3 - Feminisation of education (2)
Francis - 3/4 of 7-8 yr olds believe gender of their teacher didn't matter Marshall - Reinforces stereotypical ideas about gender
31
Name 4 strategies boys adept to maintain their masculinity according to Forde
Reject academic work Disruptive behaviour Avoid the appearance of work Withdrawal of effort
32
AO3 - Forde (maintain masculinity)
Epstein - WC boys face homophobic abuse if do well and pay attention in lessons.
33
What word summarises the reason why boys underachieve? Describe it,
Education triage - teachers expect less of boys and push them less.
34
AO3 - Boy's underachievement (3)
Boys are starting to do better in exams Connolly - Other contributing factors. Class gap is 3x bigger Focus exclusively on male achievement (feminists) - damage girls self esteem
35
Define early socialisation
How children are interacted with when they are young (Oakley)
36
What does Normal say about early socialisation?
Boys and girls are directed towards different activities - impact subject choice
37
What does Elwood and Murphy say about early socialisation?
Girls - read stories about people so do better at English | Boys - read hobby books (science and history)
38
4 factors that influence subject choice
Early socialisation Gendered subject lessons Peer pressure Gendered career opportunities
39
How does science give off a masculine image?
Kelly - More male teachers Boys are dominant in a lab.
40
AO3 - Gendered subject (2)
Leonard - No gender divide in same sex schools Government has focused on changing the images of subjects (GIST, WISE)
41
What does Dewar say about peer pressure?
Girls - caused butch or lesbian if interested in sport
42
What does Paetcher say about peer pressure?
Girls who do sport are outside their gender domain and contradict stereotypes
43
What is a gender domain?
Activities that seem male or female
44
Employment is .............. so there are different jobs
Gendered
45
What is hegemonic masculinity?
Dominance of heterosexual masculinity identies in society
46
4 ways in which hegemonic masculinity is achieved.
Verbal abuse Teachers and discipline The male gaze Double standards
47
Describe 2 ways in which hegemonic masculinity is achieved
The male gaze - Mac an Ghaill - male pupils see girls as sexual objects and judge their appearance. Verbal abuse - Deware and Parker - use name calling to put girls down (slag) to maintain dominance
48
What does Mitsos and Browne say about gender gap in education?
Achievement was measured against skills where girls exceed more

A-Level Sociology - Education (10 decks)

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