3.2 - Gender (Differential achievement in education)

Question 1

Stat to prove girls outperform boys

Answer 1

9% gap between males and females achieving A*-C at GCSE

Question 2

Name the external factors (4)

Answer 2

Rise of feminism
Changes within the family
Changes in women employment
Changes in girls ambitions

Question 3

How has rise of feminism lead to more achievement for girls.

Answer 3

McRobbie - Change of media and representation of women

Question 4

AO3 rise of feminism

Answer 4

Minority groups - Saudi Arabia an deprived of education

Question 5

Examples of changes in the family (3)

Answer 5

More divorces
Decrease in marriages
Increase in lone-parent families

Question 6

3 reasons why women employment has changed

Answer 6

Equal pay act
Sex discrimination act
Contraception

Question 7

What does Posser think about changes in women employment

Answer 7

Changes in economic change

See future in paid work, not a housewife

Question 8

What does Sharpe say about changes in girl’s ambitions

Answer 8

Changes in economic change

See future in paid work, not a housewife

Question 9

Gender quake AO3

Answer 9

Women are still oppressed

Gender pay gap, glass ceiling

Question 10

External factors A03 (3)

Answer 10

Education is still patriarchal (radical) - senior leadership dominated by men

Biological, not sociological - girls brains mature faster

Heaton (postmod) - can’t be understood by looking at gender alone

Question 11

List the internal factors (4

Answer 11

Equal opportunities policy
Positive role models
Introduction of coursework
Teacher interaction

Question 12

Policies to decrease gender achievement gap

Answer 12

GIST
WISE
National curriculem

Question 13

Education has become ………..

Answer 13

Feminised

Question 14

Why did coursework benefit girls?

Answer 14

Need to be organised and motivated

Question 15

What did Gorard say about the gender gap?

Answer 15

It was consistent until coursework was introduced

Question 16

Introduction of coursework AO3

Answer 16

Elwood - exam performance is main factor for grades

Question 17

What des Croll and Moses say about teacher interaction?

Answer 17

Boys receive more of the teacher’s time but it’s mainly negative interactions

Question 18

3 other pieces of supporting research for boys having negative interactions with the teacher

Answer 18

Spender - teachers spend more time interacting with boys

Francis - Boys are more harshly disciplined and were being picked on

Swan and Graddol - Most interactions between teachers and girls were educational

Question 19

All of the internal factors have been summarised by Sewell in the ……………….

Answer 19

Feminisation of education

Question 20

Internal factors AO3 (3)

Answer 20

Links to external factors

Murphy - females outperformed boys before coursework

Marshall - idea of feminisation of education only reinforces stereotypical ideologies.

Question 21

Reasons why boys underachieve (4)

Answer 21

Literacy differences
Globalisation
Feminisation of education
Laddish subculture

Question 22

Why are boys less good at literacy?

Answer 22

Parents spend less time reading to them as its feminine

Question 23

2 policies to encourage boys to read

Answer 23

Dad and son’s campaign

Reading champions - bronze, silver, gold

Question 24

How has globalisation of factories caused an identity crisis for men?

Answer 24

Mac an Ghaill - WC men had high levels of unemployment so lost traditional instrumental role in the family.

Question 25

Globalisation caused a ……….. …. …………

Answer 25

Crisis of masculinity

Question 26

AO3 globalisation

Answer 26

Murray - Welfare benefits means men are happy to leave school with no qualifications

Question 27

How is the halo effect relevant in feminisation of education?

Answer 27

Self fulfilling prophecy - feminine qualities are rewarded

Question 28

2 ways how education has become feminised. Describe them.

Answer 28

16% of primary school teachers are male - no male role model

Feminised style of working - taking notes and listening

Question 29

Who created feminisation of education?

Answer 29

Sewell

Question 30

AO3 - Feminisation of education (2)

Answer 30

Francis - 3/4 of 7-8 yr olds believe gender of their teacher didn’t matter

Marshall - Reinforces stereotypical ideas about gender

Question 31

Name 4 strategies boys adept to maintain their masculinity according to Forde

Answer 31

Reject academic work
Disruptive behaviour
Avoid the appearance of work
Withdrawal of effort

Question 32

AO3 - Forde (maintain masculinity)

Answer 32

Epstein - WC boys face homophobic abuse if do well and pay attention in lessons.

Question 33

What word summarises the reason why boys underachieve? Describe it,

Answer 33

Education triage - teachers expect less of boys and push them less.

Question 34

AO3 - Boy’s underachievement (3)

Answer 34

Boys are starting to do better in exams

Connolly - Other contributing factors. Class gap is 3x bigger

Focus exclusively on male achievement (feminists) - damage girls self esteem

Question 35

Define early socialisation

Answer 35

How children are interacted with when they are young (Oakley)

Question 36

What does Normal say about early socialisation?

Answer 36

Boys and girls are directed towards different activities - impact subject choice

Question 37

What does Elwood and Murphy say about early socialisation?

Answer 37

Girls - read stories about people so do better at English

Boys - read hobby books (science and history)

Question 38

4 factors that influence subject choice

Answer 38

Early socialisation
Gendered subject lessons
Peer pressure
Gendered career opportunities

Question 39

How does science give off a masculine image?

Answer 39

Kelly -
More male teachers
Boys are dominant in a lab.

Question 40

AO3 - Gendered subject (2)

Answer 40

Leonard - No gender divide in same sex schools

Government has focused on changing the images of subjects (GIST, WISE)

Question 41

What does Dewar say about peer pressure?

Answer 41

Girls - caused butch or lesbian if interested in sport

Question 42

What does Paetcher say about peer pressure?

Answer 42

Girls who do sport are outside their gender domain and contradict stereotypes

Question 43

What is a gender domain?

Answer 43

Activities that seem male or female

Question 44

Employment is ………….. so there are different jobs

Answer 44

Gendered

Question 45

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 45

Dominance of heterosexual masculinity identies in society

Question 46

4 ways in which hegemonic masculinity is achieved.

Answer 46

Verbal abuse
Teachers and discipline
The male gaze
Double standards

Question 47

Describe 2 ways in which hegemonic masculinity is achieved

Answer 47

The male gaze - Mac an Ghaill - male pupils see girls as sexual objects and judge their appearance.

Verbal abuse - Deware and Parker - use name calling to put girls down (slag) to maintain dominance

Question 48

What does Mitsos and Browne say about gender gap in education?

Answer 48

Achievement was measured against skills where girls exceed more