3.1 - Class (Differential achievement in education)

Question 1

Stats to prove that social class impacts educational achievement

Answer 1

60% of people NOT eligible for free school meals achieved A*-C at GCSE but only 33% of those who ARE eligible got 5 GCSEs

Question 2

What is the cultural deprivation theory?

Answer 2

WC families fail to raise their children adequately.

Question 3

3 aspects of cultural deprivation theory (external)

Answer 3

Cognitive development
Linguistic deprivation
Attitudes and values (sub-culture)

Question 4

What is cognitive development in the cultural deprivation theory?

Answer 4

WC kids don’t receive books or educational toys needed.

Question 5

Who is involved in cognitive development and why?

Answer 5

Young and Bernstein - mother’s choice of toys affect development. MC toys encourage thinking and reasoning skills

Question 6

Cognitive development in the cultural deprivation theory A03 (2)

Answer 6

Learning climate predicts a child’s intellectual development by 10 years old

Not just poverty but labelling, expectations (deterministic)

Question 7

Name the 2 language

Answer 7

Restricted and elaborated

Question 8

Who studies linguistic deprivation?

Answer 8

Bernstein

Question 9

A03 linguistic deprivation (4)

Answer 9

Influences relationship with teacher

Bereiter and Engelmann - Language in WC homes is deficient so don’t develop needed language skills

Rosen - Creates a myth of superiority and generalises classes

Troyna and Williams - Language isn’t the problem but the teacher’s attitude towards it

Question 10

What does Douglas think about subcultures impacting education?

Answer 10

WC parents don’t have a high value on education so they are less encouraging

Question 11

……………… argues that WC subcultures have 4 main elements

Answer 11

Sugarman

Question 12

What are the 4 elements Sugarman thinks WC subcultures have? Describe them

Answer 12

Fatalism - Can’t change it

Collectivism - Being part of a group is better than individual success

Immediate gratification - Go straight to low paying jobs

Present time orientation - seeing the present, not future so mess in class

Question 13

AO3 - attitudes and values for cultural deprivation (3)

Answer 13

De Franja - MC kids have pushy parents

Blackstone and Mortimer - WC parents work long and irregular hours and they lack academic knowledge

Keddie - Child can’t be deprived of their own culture

Question 14

Name the 3 main external theories for class

Answer 14

Cultural deprivation theory
Material deprivation theory
Cultural capital theory

Question 15

What is the material deprivation theory?

Answer 15

Lack of material necessities such as housing.

Question 16

3 sections of material deprivation theory

Answer 16

Housing
Hidden cost of education
Diet

Question 17

Describe housing - material deprivation theory

Answer 17

Douglas thinks there is a link.

Not quiet, damp, cold, ect

Question 18

Describe diet - material deprivation theory

Answer 18

Howard - a poor diet leads to poor educational performance and health -> poor attendance

Question 19

Describe hidden cost of education - material deprivation theory

Answer 19

Bull - bus fare to school, laptop, stationary

Question 20

AO3 - material deprivation theory (2)

Answer 20

Robinson - ending child poverty would be the most effective way to increase achievement

Never be equal - private school, buy extra resources

Question 21

Who created the Cultural Capital Theory?

Answer 21

Bourdieu

Question 22

What is the Cultural Capital Theory?

Answer 22

Knowledge, attitudes and values of people

Question 23

Give 4 examples of cultural capital

Answer 23

Museums / cultural trips
Concerts
Books
Social events

Question 24

Cultural Capital Theory AO3 (3)

Answer 24

Sullivan - Complex fiction and tv documentaries - more likely to do better at GCSE

Robertson - Visit zoos, museums, theatre improve change of success

Not just external factor - also influence relationship with teacher

Question 25

What is social capital?

Answer 25

Network and relationships of a person

Question 26

What can cultural capital lead to?

Answer 26

The halo effect

Question 27

What is the halo effect?

Answer 27

Viewed more positively as have ideal characteristics

Question 28

Name 3 main sections of internal factors

Answer 28

Labelling theory
Self fulfilling prophecy
Subculture

Question 29

Give 1 example of the labelling theory with a description

Answer 29

Hargreaves - sets and streams
Develop an anti-school subculture so labelled as a failure. (WC in low sets). Achieve status and success in eyes of students

Question 30

Labelling theory AO3 (2)

Answer 30

Hollingworth and Williams - MC pupils don’t have one type of subculture (sporty, goth, hippie)

Mirza - Labelling of black female students. Reject their label and do better than expected

Question 31

What is the self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 31

A prediction that comes true by believing that it will.

Question 32

Who did the experiment on the self fufilling prophecy?

Answer 32

Rosenthal and Jacobsen

Question 33

What did Rosenthal and Jacobsen do? Effect?

Answer 33

Say that 5 random students were late bloomers and they did better in the end of year test.

Pygmalion effect

Question 34

What is the Pygmalion effect?

Answer 34

A higher expectation leads to increased academic performance.

Question 35

AO3 - self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 35

Support effect of streaming - raise attainment in top grades but do worse in lower

Question 36

What 2 words did Lacey use the concept of for subcultures? Define them

Answer 36

Differentiation - teacher categorises pupils based on ability, attitude and behaviour

Polarisation - Pupils respond to streaming by developing an anti-school subculture

Question 37

AO3 - Subculture

Answer 37

Labelling alone can’t explain underachievement

Question 38

What does Ball think about streaming?

Answer 38

Mixed ability groups prevents polarisation.