3.2 Economic change

Question 1

Why are cities in developing countries growing?

Answer 1

Rural areas are poor
Cities have more opportunities
Cities have good transport links
Some cities attract foreign companies which expands the manufacturing industry.

Question 2

Why are some cities in developed countries growing?

Answer 2

Some have become industrial centres
Some have rapidly expanding service sectors
As countries get wealthier they invest in flagship products such as sports stadiums for international events to attract FDI.

Question 3

Why are some cities in developed countries declining?

Answer 3

Deindustrialisation led to the loss of thousands of jobs in manufacturing cities leading to migration to other cities in search of jobs.
Low skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities in the region leading to further decline as they are leaving.

Question 4

List some push factors

Answer 4

Job shortages or low wages
Poor living standards
Poor healthcare and education
War or conflict
Natural disasters
Poor environment (pollution/crime)

Question 5

List some pull factors

Answer 5

More employment opportunities and higher wages
Better standard of living
Better healthcare and education
A safe area with lower crime or risk of natural disasters
A cleaner environment

Question 6

Define national migration

Answer 6

When people move to a city in the same country.

Question 7

Define international migration

Answer 7

When people move from one country to a city in another country.

Question 8

Define formal employement

Answer 8

Formal employment is officially recognised, workers are protected by the laws of the country. There are rules about the hours, age and health & safety. Workers pay tax to the government out of the wages they earn.

Question 9

Define informal employment

Answer 9

Informal employment is unofficial jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by the government work long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay.

Question 10

What is the primary sector?

Answer 10

The primary sector involves collecting raw materials; e.g. farming, fishing, mining, etc.

Question 11

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 11

The secondary sector involves manufacturing goods from other products (e.g. turning wood into furniture).

Question 12

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 12

The tertiary sector involves providing a service (e.g. retail, police and health care).

Question 13

What is the quaternary sector?

Answer 13

The quarternary sector is the information economy; e.g. reasearch and development where scientists and researchers investigate and decelop new products (e.g. the IT industry). This usually helps to improve other sector’s efficiency or make the process for getting products easier or faster.

Question 14

At which stage in a country’s development does it have the most people working in the informal sector?

Answer 14

When a country is developing it has the most workers in the informal sector.

Question 15

At which stage in a country’s development does it have the least workers in the informal sector?

Answer 15

Developed countries have the least workers in the informal sector

Question 16

What are working conditions like in developing countries?

Answer 16

Conditions are poor, with low pay and long hours; work is dangerous.

Question 17

What are working conditions like in emerging countries?

Answer 17

Conditions are improved compared to developing countries and workers have more rights.

Question 18

What are working conditions like in developed countries?

Answer 18

Conditions are good, pay is high; workers have many rights that are protected by the law.

Question 19

At which stage in a country’s development is the secondary sector the largest?

Answer 19

When a country is emerging then secondary sector is the largest as the country has the funds required to purchase machinery and primary resources but not enough to invest heavily in the tertiary and quarternary sectors.

Question 20

At which stage in a countries development is the primary sector the largest?

Answer 20

The primary sector is largest in developing countries as they lack the funds to invest in the manufacturing industry so their population is forced to produce primary goods for money as they lack the funds to import machinery to improve their efficiency (e.g. in a developed country one person can manage a farm with the help of machinery where as in a developing country dozens of workers may be needed for harvesting and sowing crops).