3.2 - Contemporary issues in physical activity and sport Flashcards
what is deviance
Behaviour that differs from the norms/values of a sport
- Usually driven by a ‘win at all costs’ attitude = typically seen in high level sport
what is violence
Physical force with the intention of harming an individual, group or property
“intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual or groups of individuals and cause death or injury”
what is drugs & doping
Substances used to improve/change human performance
what is gambling in sports
match fixing and illegal betting
- Fixture or competition played to a pre-determined result
what is considered sport deviance actions
- violence
- gambling
- drugs / doping
what is the advantage of taking legal supplements as an athlete
- building muscle mass
- increasing stamina
- weight control
- improving flexibility
- rehydrating
- aiding recovery
what is the disadvantage of taking legal supplements as an athlete
- risk of contamination of banned substances during manufacturing process
- concerns over long term implications for creatine
- energy drinks are high in sugar and can lead to health issues
what are supplements
- substances taken by sport performers, athletes & body builders to increase strength, performance & recovery
- available in different forms ie tablets, powder etc
- should be taken alongside a healthy balanced diet
- should suit the demand of the sport
what are athletes reasons for doping
physiological reasonings
social reasonings
psychological reasonings
what are the physiological reasonings for doping
to improve performance by altering the body physically ie increasing strength, body mass, stamina etc
what are the social reasons for doping
- pressure from coaches, media, peers, country, politics
- belief that everyone else is doing it
- belief of not getting caught
- Win at all costs attitude; particularly for fame and fortune/keep sponsors
what are the psychological reasons for doping
- increasing confidence
- altering brain function to improve performance ie increase violence /aggression
what are the types of consequences for doping
performer consequences
sport consequences
society consequences
what are the performer consequences for doping
- health issues and addiction
- improved performance
- mental health issues ie mood swings, aggression etc
- punishments ie bans
- reputation ruined (loss of sponsor and career)
what is the society consequences of doping
- roles models have a negative impact on viewers
- reflection of a ‘win at all costs’ mentality -> corruptions/unethical
- implementing bans for level playing field
- enables more effective drug testing processes in response to new drugs
what are the sport consequences of doping
- sport values challenged & questioned
- sponsor losses (player, club, company etc)
- lower participation rates due to bad image surrounding sport
- lower support due to spectators deciding to not put money into a sport w bad reputation
- false records as sometimes the drugs are not caught and performer has unfair advantage
what are strategies to prevent illegal drug usage in sports
- random testing / out of competition testing
- increased investment in testing programs
- better coordination between organizations
- unified policies for testing and punishments
- creating a strong anti-doping culture through campaigns & education programs
- stricter punishments
what are the 2 types of violence in sport
player violence
spectator violence
what are the main causes of violence in sport
- frustration : at ref decisions/ teammates/ opponents
- “win at all cost” mentality : overwhelming emotions leading to aggression or match fixing leading to violence
- nature of the sport : contact sport, rules encourage violence
- Drugs and Alcohol
- Hooligans
- Deindividualisation
what implications can violence in sport cause
in sport
in society
on performers
what implications does violence in sport cause on society
- role models can induce violence with spectators
- can reduce participation
- can lead to spectator violence
- reflection of society : if sports has violence, so does society
what implication does violence in sport cause on sport
- can initiate new laws
- bad name/rep for sport
- can reduce participation
- loss of sponsors
- loss of public support/interest
- can make sport more interesting therefore increasing spectators
what implications does violence in sport cause on performers
- punishment
- injury or death in extreme cases
- loss of sponsors
- negative role model or detrimental to career
what are the solutions to violence in sports
- rule change to prevent violence
- governing bodies creating education programmes to ensure players understand sport rules
- Punishments ie bans
- law enforcemnet
- use of cameras and CCTV for safety
what does gambling in sport include
match fixing
bribery
illegal sport betting
why has gambling in sport increased
- sport has an unpredictable nature & the element of chance
- growing availability on internet
- betting campaigns / sponsors on sport clubs therefore its commonly associated with sport
pros of sport gambling
- financial benefits to people if they’re successful
- offers big sponsorship deals
- excitement element
cons of sports gambling
- rise in illegal sport betting
- can cause corruption ie match fixing
- players may gain gambling addiction
- can create negative image on sport
- growth of online betting/ apps for betting make it very accessible
what is commercialisation
commercial opportunities to sell more goods & advertise brands
how does commercialisation help spots generate a profit
- increased tickets sales
- sponsorship deals
- media rights
- merchandise
what facts have lead to commercialisation in sport
- increased media presence in sports
- greater exposure of more quantity of sports
- increased advertising in sport
- spectatorism is worldwide (can travel)
- increased in company/athlete sponsorships
- gold triangle relationship (each dependent on each other for successful commercialisation)
how did increase in public interest and spectatorship lead to commercialisation
greater exposure of sport therefore the market hits more peoples interests
how is more media interest lead to commercialisation
specatorism will increase, therefore media interest will grow as its seen as a business opportunity for profit and higher exposure
how did increased sponsorships & professionalism lead to commercialisation
increased sponsorships therefore more money for the team - higher standards are expected/pressured on these athletes to keep the sponsorships
how did advertising lead to commercialisation
more money brought in through advertising deals
what is the positive impact of commercialisation on society
- increase in economy
- increase in entrainment quality (happy citizens)
- increase in access to sport that has been spectated (increased participation)
what is the negative impact of commercialisation on society
- economic benefits only felt by a minority ie country favourite sports etc
- loss of tradition as sport changes due to commercialisation needs / profits
- people may rather spectate than participate
what is the positive impact of commercialisation on sport
- increased funding to sports
- increased exposure of that sport ( can lead to increased participation)
- the sport can grow (become global)
what is the negative impact of commercialisation on sport
- loss of tradition as rules change
- loss of control as the media may dictate things ie kick off timings
what is the positive impact of commercialisation on performers
- increased income/wages
- increased status/reputation
- increased standard of play
- allows professionalism
what is the negative impact of commercialisation on performers
- too much pressure
- ‘win at all cost ethos’ which can lead to deviance
- ethics ie betting sponsors on shirts
- loss of control : forced to do something they dost want ie play through injury or wear a kit with unethical branding
what are the positive impacts of commercialisation on spectators
- increased access to sport
- increased media coverage
- improved stadia through investments
what are the negatives impacts of commercialisation on spectators
- too much pressure
- ‘win at all cost ethos’ which can lead to deviance
- ethics ie betting sponsors on shirts
- loss of control : forced to do something they dost want ie play through injury or wear a kit with unethical branding
what was the evolution of televisions for 1980s to modern technology
terrestrial - free to air & sport was not constantly available ie only available at certain times
satelite - subscription: constant access to sports but pay for access
pay per view - pay additional fees as a one off to watch something ie a boxing match
what was the evolution of the internet from the 1980s to modern technology
websites - access to sports through websites like the news and team websites
YouTube - video clips of previous events that you could go back and repeatedly watch
social media - following teams and athletes
live streaming - watching live footage anytime and anywhere
MULTI MEDIA - CAN READ,LISTEN OR WATCH ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME
what was the solution of radios from 1980s to modern technology
local & national - occasionally mention sports ie World Cup or national game on
dedicated channels - sport is the only topic on these channels ie sky sports
DAB radio - offers a variety of stations therefore can access everything
what is the evolution of the written press from 1980s to modern technology
newspapers - sport columns with sport results and fixtures
magazines - sport specialising magazine with available subscriptions
how has media coverage in sport changed since the 1980s
- more different types of media
- global coverage
- more coverage (24/7)
- media has a growing control over sports
- technology advancing ie rewinding sport games
- increased subscriptions or coverage access
positive effects of sport media
- increases sports profile
- increased spectatorship
- increased financial revenues
- increased participation
- can cause sport rule change
- increased media coverage
- increased representation for minority sports
negative effects of sport media
- negative media can decrease participation
- higher pressure on athletes to do well
- money may not go to the club/athletes
- win at all ethos developed to maintain media image
- spectaroism increase causes inc creases in specatorism opportunity prices therefore spectaorism actually decreases
- higher criticisms
what is a commodity
something that can be sold to the media outlets or companies
how is sport a commodity
through the golden triangle, media promotes sports and commercial partners (sponsors)
1. elite sports attract spectators
2. media companies pay for the right to cover a sport
3. media globalises sport worldwide which attracts sponsors as they see potential ton reach global audience
what is the identification route to sporting excellence
- potentials in sports are identified
- uk sports would support an athletes lifestyle
- uk spots would support an athletes personal coaching
- the English institute of sport will support sport science & medicine
- performer is proved with a world class programme/pathway to success
what is a world class podium
athlete with realistic medal chances at the next games
what is a world class podium potential
athlete with realistic medal chances at the next but one games
how does identifying sport talent take place
- recruitment programs take place amongst general public
- athlete submit an application and if successful, begin testing
what are the phases of identifying talent (1-4)
phase 1 : physical & skill based testing
phase 2 & 3 : athletes tested for suitability of the sport & preparation for train & development
- physical & medical screening
psychological assessment
phase 4 : selected athlete train for 6-12 months, continues assessing, progress is recorded to judge suitability for elite level sport
what is the role of schools in sport excellence
- compulsory PE - inclusive
- learn wide range of sports
- learning fundamental transferable skills
- extra curricular competitive competitions opportunities
- qualifications offered
what is the role of sports clubs in sport excellence
- frequency competition
- specialist coaching
- specialist equipment and facilities
- possibilities for professional scouting
- basic medical support
roles of universities in sporting excellence
- combines performances with studies
- offers sporting scholarships / bursaries
- high quality competition (national level)
- specialist facilities
- involvement in sport science research
whats the role of sport clubs in routes to sporting excellence
- provide organized leagues & competitions
- nurture and encourage talent, often giving financial concessions
whats the role of UK sport in developing elite sport
- invest national lottery funds & income to maximize performance at Olympics & global success
- central funding and direct funding to athletes
what central funding is given by UK sport
funding given to national governing bodies to enable them to operate a world class programme & ensure athletes have access to personal/training support to guarantee that they are ready for world class competitions
what personal funding is given to athletes by UK sport
through the athlete performance award (APA)
- contributes to their living and sporting costs
what forms of support does UK sport provide
- development of top coaches
- run the talent identification
- organization & promotion of campaigns to fast track future medalist athletes
- development of acclimatization & warm weather training
- ensure athletes have access to high performance training facilities
how do national institutes provide support for elite athletes
- nationwide network of expertise & facilities
- provide world class:
- coaching and analysis
- sport science
-facilities - lifestyle advice
how does the english institute of sport provide for elite athletes
- provide sport science & technology
- work with coaches & sport administrators to help improve athlete performance through technical support
- dedicated team to sport scientist to support coaches & athletes
what are reasons of increased drop out rate/ failure in elite development programmes
- poor performances
- injury
- pressure from outside of the sport
- media pressure
- financial stress
what are reasons of increased drop out rate/ failure in elite level sport
- poor performances
- injury
- pressure from outside of the sport
- media pressure
- financial stress
how can drop out rates be combatted/prevented
- support provided to help athletes cope with sporting lifestyle and pressures (UK sport)
- performance lifestyle advisors to support athletes w time management , finances, media etc
- athletes encouraged to work closely with coaches and support specialists to minimize concerns/conflicts & distractions
