Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

y2 pe > 1.1 - Anatomy + Physiology > Flashcards

1.1 - Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate - an energy source

the only usable form of energy in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens when ATP is broken down

A

energy is related as ATP is broken down into ADP + P + Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens when ATP stores deplete

A

they must be resynthesised to continue to provide energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can ATP stores be resynthesised

A

3 processes:
- AT-PC energy system
- Glycoltic/ lactic acid energy system
- aerobic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is ATP formed

A

formed by converting chemical energy from food into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What enzyme breaks down ATP

A

ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the coupled reactions in the ATP-PC system

A

PC -> P + C + Energy
Energy + ADP + P -> ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens during there exothermic reaction during the ATP-PC system

A
  • ATP is broken down into ADP & P & energy
  • high energy phosphate bond is broken & energy is released
  • heat is released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens during the endothermic reaction during the ATP-PC system

A
  • Energy from alternate source is used to replace bond between ADP & P
  • ATP is resynthesised/reformed
  • heat is taken in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the process of ATP synthesis in the ATP-PC system

A
  • ATP is broken down for immediate energy release by ATPase
  • when ATP stores deplete, PC will be broken down via enzyme creatine kinase
  • As the bond between phosphate and creatine breaks, energy is released
  • this energy is used in the endothermic reaction to rejoin the phosphate to ADP to form ATP (Energy + Phosphate + ADP -> ATP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the energy yield for the ATP-PC system

A

1:1 yield
1 ATP molecule per PC molecule broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what exercise would the ATP-PC system used/ most useful for

A

high/maximum intensity, short duration
ie 100m sprint, 25m breast stroke, shot putt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of reaction is the ATP-PC system

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the glycolytic/lactic acid system

A

a series of chemical reactions that help resynthesise ATP
- breaks carbohydrates like glycogen and glucose down into pyruvic acid and lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the process of the glycolytic system

A
  • when ATP is broken down for a immediate energy release, ADP levels in the blood increase
  • PFK is released and begins to breakdown free glucose for energy
  • when glucose levels deplete, GPP is released and begins to break down stored glycogen into glucose
  • when glucose is broken down, it produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid alongside 2 molecules of ATP
  • LDH will break down pyruvic acid into lactic acid
  • this causes OBLA alongside fatigue and muscle cramps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the energy yeild for the glycolytic energy system

A

1:2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what exercises would the glycolytic energy system be good for

A

high intensity long duration
- 800m
- 50m breast stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the aerobic energy system

A

a 3 phase system to resynthesise ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the first phase of the aerobic energy system

A

aerobic glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens during the first phase of the aerobic energy system

A
  • GPP breaks glycogen down into glucose
  • PFK breaks glucose down into pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules
  • pyruvic acid is catalysed by coenzyme A, producing acetyl coenzyme A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the second phase of the aerobic energy system

A

the krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens during the second phase of the aerobic energy system

A
  • acetyl coenzyme A enters the kreb cycle
  • acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetic acid to make citric acid
  • citric acid breaks down & produces enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules
  • by products of CO2 and hydrogen
  • CO2 is exhaled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does the kreb cycle take place

A

mitochondria matrix (intracellular fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the third and final stage of the aerobic energy system

A

Electron Transport Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens during the third phase of a the aerobic energy system

A
  • hydrogen atoms from the kreb cycle are carried through the electron transport chains by carrier molecules NAD+ & FAD+
  • NADH & FADH are created
  • hydrogen atoms are oxidized & removed H20
  • enough energy is released to resynthesize 34 ATP molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where does stage 3 of the aerobic cycle occur

A

mitochondrian (cristae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the energy continuum

A

the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on the intensity and duration of exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

at rest, what system does most energy come from

A

aerobic system, due to a big supply for O2 for metabolic processes to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is intermittent exercise

A

an activity where the intensity alternates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what 4 factors affect energy contribution

A

exercise intensity
exercise duration
fitness levels
recovery periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how does exercise intensity affect energy contribution

A

higher intensity requires more energy therefore the ATP-PC system/ glycolytic system may be used for an immediate release of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does exercise duration affect energy contribution

A

the longer the exercise duration, the aerobic system will be predominant as the anaerobic systems can only be used up to 3 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how does fitness levels affect energy contribution

A
  • higher VO2 max means more efficient CV & respiratory system to inspire, transport and utilize O2
  • this increased intensity that they can work at before OBLA and CO2 max due to efficient muscle supplies
34
Q

how does recovery period affect energy contribution

A
  • allows PC stores to be replenished (60% in 30 secs/ 100% in 3 mins)
  • with sufficient o2 supply, allows LA to be broken down and removed
  • low intensity exercise during recovery period to aid LA removal and maintains blood flow & O2 transport
35
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

excess post oxygen consumption

36
Q

what is the function of EPOC

A
  • removes LA
  • restoration of muscle myoglobin using oxygen (giving muscle cells high o2 affinity)
    -resynthesis of muscle ATP & PC stores
  • restores levels of muscle glycogen
37
Q

what is oxygen deficit

A

the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically

38
Q

what is oxygen consumption

A

the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP

39
Q

what is EPOC

A

the volume of oxygen needed to return the body to pre exercise state/conditions

40
Q

what is the first stage of EPOC called

A

alactacid component / fast component

41
Q

what occurs during the alactacid /fast component of EPOC

A

as soon as ATP / PC stores begin to complete, this stage will begin as long as body is below LA threshold

  • oxygen is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP & P ( which is formed from aerobic glycolysis - glycogen breakdown)
  • some PC is resynthesized from the breakdown of glycogen
  • some ATP is immediately used to create PC using the coupled reaction
  • reloads muscle with myoglobin using oxygen
42
Q

what is the function of myoglobin

A
  • gives muscles high O2 affinity
  • stores o2 in the muscles
  • transports o2 from capillaries to mitochondria
  • increases BR during EPOC to help replenish stores
43
Q

what is the function of the alactacid/fast component of EPOC

A
  • restoration of muscle ATP
  • restoration of muscle PC
  • reloading myoglobin with oxygen
44
Q

what is the second stage of EPOC called

A

lactacid / slow component

45
Q

what occurs during the lactacid / slow component of EPOC

A

returns the body to pre exercise conditions by restoring homeostasis
- heat dissipation to cool the body
- energy replenishment
- removal of waste products like LA,CO2
- returns hormones to resting levels
- returns enzymes to resting levels

46
Q

what is the process of LA removal during stage 2 of EPOC

A
  • using oxygen, lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate acid
  • pyruvate goes through the aerobic process of the Krebs cycle
  • LA is transported to liver via the bloodstream where it is converted into glucose via the cori cycle
47
Q

what are the conversion percentages of LA removal

A

50%-70% : oxidation into co2 and h2o in Krebs cycle
10% - 15% : converted into glucose and glycogen
5% - 10% : converted into protein through the cori cycle

48
Q

how long does lactic acid removal take

A

up to 1 hour (can be up to 24 hours dependent on exercise intensity)

49
Q

how can glucose levels be restored during the recovery process

A
  • direct intake
  • LA conversion
  • conversion fro stored glycogen
50
Q

how much additional oxygen is used/needed during stage 2 of EPOC

A

5-8 L

51
Q

why do ventilation rates remain elevated during stage 2 of EPOC

A

all processes require oxygen

52
Q

how does a warm up impact recovery

A

increases respiratory, heart & metabolic rates therefore more aerobic energy system used and less LA accumulation
- more energy for high intensity/ explosive exercise
- less recovery time during exercise

53
Q

how does active recovery (cool down) impact recovery

A
  • maintains respiratory rates & heart rate
  • speeds up removal of lactic acid therefore less recovery time due to more efficient removal of waste
54
Q

what are the implications of cooling aids in recovery on training

A
  • lowers muscle & blood temperature
  • reduce metabolic rate & demand of stage 2 of EPOC
  • speeds up LA removal
  • reduces muscle damage
  • decreases DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness)
55
Q

what are the implications of high training intensity on training

A

increases muscle mass, ATP & PC storage capacity, LA tolerances, Buffering capacity
- improves fast component of recovery
- stronger
- more energy & energy storage
- reduces demand for slow component

56
Q

what are the implications of low/moderate training intensity on training

A

increases aerobic capacity, respiratory & cardiovascular efficiency
decreases LA build up, delays OBLA & maximises o2 delivery
- efficient breaths therefore lower breathing frequency
- less cramps & fatigue’s less

57
Q

what are the implications of work:relief ratio on training

A

explosive & strength based exercise- 1:3 to give sufficient time for ATP & PC stores to replenish

HI muscular endurance - 1:2 to continue training hut encourage LA accumulation to increase tolerance & buffering capacity

aerobic capacity / endurance - 1:1 / 1:0.5 to promote adaptations, delay OBLA and muscle fatigue

58
Q

what are the implications of game tactics & strategies on training

A
  • time cuts and subs : allow 30 second relief intervals for 50% ATP & PC stores replenishment
  • performers delay play with maintaining possession (time wasting)
59
Q

what are the implications of nutrition on training

A
  • helps maximise fuel stores
  • delays fatigue, release of LA
  • speeds up recovery
60
Q

what is altitude

A

the height or elevation of an area above sea level

61
Q

what is humidity

A

the amount of water vapour in the atmospheric air

62
Q

what are the effects of altitude on a performer

A
  • as altitude increases, barometric pressure decreases therefore less available oxygen
  • partial pressure of oxygen decreases at altitudes above 1500m (40mmHg starting point)
  • due to decrease in ppo2, the rate of oxygen diffusion decreases due to conc gradient reducing
  • reduced haemoglobin saturation levels therefore less o2 transported in blood therefore less o2 available for energy production
63
Q

what are the immediate effects of altitude on a performers cardiovascular system

A
  • increased heart rate
  • decrease in stroke volume
  • decrease in maximal cardiac output
  • decrease in blood / plasma volume
  • decrease in haemoglobin saturation
  • decrease in oxygen transport to muscles
  • decrease in diffusion gradient (blood to muscles)
64
Q

what are the immediate effects of altitude on a performers respiratory system

A
  • increased breathing frequency / rate
  • decreased tidal volume
  • decreased ppo2 in inspired air (breaths are less efficient due to less available o2)
  • decreased o2 diffusion / gradient from alveoli to blood
65
Q

what is acclimatisation

A

the process whereby an athlete gradually adapts to a change in their environment

66
Q

what are the time periods of acclimatisation for different altitudes

A

low ( 1000-2000m): 3-5 days
moderate ( 2000m-3000m) : 1-2 weeks
high (3000m+) : 2+ weeks
extreme (5000m+): 4+ weeks

67
Q

what are the adaptations caused by the acclimatisation process

A
  • increased release of EPO by the kidney
  • increased red blood cell (count/size)
  • increases capillirarisation (at alveoli/muscle)
  • breathing rate stabilises
  • Q & SV reduce as body adapts allows grater diffusion
  • reduction in altitude sickness, headaches & breathlessness
68
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

the process of maintaining internal core temperature

69
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

receptors that detect a change in temperature

70
Q

how does heat effect hydration

A
  • sweating can lead to heat loss therefore fluid loss
    -> fluid not replaced = dehydration
  • dehydration can stop the body’s ability to thermoregulate, resulting in a core temperature rise
71
Q

how does humidity affect rate of heat loss through sweat

A

low humidity: increased humidity
high humidity: decreased sweating & cooling rate takes longer

72
Q

how much fluid can you lose by exercising in heat

A

2-3L per hour

73
Q

how does heat effect/cause hyperthermia during exercise

A
  • high/prolonged exercise intensities
  • high air temperature
  • high relative humidity
74
Q

what is hyperthermia

A

a significant rise in core body temperature

75
Q

how is cardiovascular drift caused due to exercising in heat

A
  • increased rate of muscular contraction and chemical reactions that produce metabolic heat
  • heat cannot be removed quickly to maintain core body temperature
  • the athletes body redirects blood to skin for cooling, reducing the blood flow to working muscles
  • rising core temperature alters the function of enzymes &receptors, affecting chemical reactions
76
Q

what is the effect of heat & humidity on the cardiovascular system

A

dilation of arteries & capillaries to the skin
- increases blood flow & blood pooling in the limbs
decreased blood volume, VR, SV, Q & BP
- increased HR to compensate
- increased strain on CV system
- reduced oxygen transport to working muscles

77
Q

what is the effect of heat & humidity on the respiratory system

A

dehydration & drying of airways in temperature above 32ºC, making breathing difficult:
- increased mucus production
- constriction of airways
- decreased volume of air for gaseous exchange

Increased BF to maintain O2 conmsumption

high levels of sunlight increase the effect of pollutants in the air :
- irritation increases in airways, resulting in coughing, wheezing & asthma symptoms

78
Q

strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (pre competition)

A

acclimatisation for 7-14 days
- increases plasma volume
- increases onset& rate of sweating
- increases the efficiency of the Q distribution
- decreases loss of electrolytes within sweat, limiting fatigue & cramps
- decreases HR at given pace & temp

use cooling aids (ie ice vests) to reduce core temp and delay effect of high temps & dehydration

79
Q

strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (during competition)

A
  • using pacing strategies to alter goals & reduce the feeling of exertion
  • wear suitable clothing that maximise heat loss by removing sweat from skin quickly
  • rehydrate frequently with a hypotonic/isotonic solution
80
Q

strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (post competition)

A
  • cooling aids to return to core temperature gradually
  • rehydrate using isotonic solutions

y2 pe (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions