1.1 - Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards
what is ATP
adenosine triphosphate - an energy source
the only usable form of energy in body
what happens when ATP is broken down
energy is related as ATP is broken down into ADP + P + Energy
What happens when ATP stores deplete
they must be resynthesised to continue to provide energy
how can ATP stores be resynthesised
3 processes:
- AT-PC energy system
- Glycoltic/ lactic acid energy system
- aerobic system
how is ATP formed
formed by converting chemical energy from food into ATP
What enzyme breaks down ATP
ATPase
what are the coupled reactions in the ATP-PC system
PC -> P + C + Energy
Energy + ADP + P -> ATP
what happens during there exothermic reaction during the ATP-PC system
- ATP is broken down into ADP & P & energy
- high energy phosphate bond is broken & energy is released
- heat is released
what happens during the endothermic reaction during the ATP-PC system
- Energy from alternate source is used to replace bond between ADP & P
- ATP is resynthesised/reformed
- heat is taken in
what is the process of ATP synthesis in the ATP-PC system
- ATP is broken down for immediate energy release by ATPase
- when ATP stores deplete, PC will be broken down via enzyme creatine kinase
- As the bond between phosphate and creatine breaks, energy is released
- this energy is used in the endothermic reaction to rejoin the phosphate to ADP to form ATP (Energy + Phosphate + ADP -> ATP)
what is the energy yield for the ATP-PC system
1:1 yield
1 ATP molecule per PC molecule broken down
what exercise would the ATP-PC system used/ most useful for
high/maximum intensity, short duration
ie 100m sprint, 25m breast stroke, shot putt
what type of reaction is the ATP-PC system
anaerobic
what is the glycolytic/lactic acid system
a series of chemical reactions that help resynthesise ATP
- breaks carbohydrates like glycogen and glucose down into pyruvic acid and lactic acid
what is the process of the glycolytic system
- when ATP is broken down for a immediate energy release, ADP levels in the blood increase
- PFK is released and begins to breakdown free glucose for energy
- when glucose levels deplete, GPP is released and begins to break down stored glycogen into glucose
- when glucose is broken down, it produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid alongside 2 molecules of ATP
- LDH will break down pyruvic acid into lactic acid
- this causes OBLA alongside fatigue and muscle cramps
what is the energy yeild for the glycolytic energy system
1:2
what exercises would the glycolytic energy system be good for
high intensity long duration
- 800m
- 50m breast stroke
what is the aerobic energy system
a 3 phase system to resynthesise ATP
what is the first phase of the aerobic energy system
aerobic glycolysis
what happens during the first phase of the aerobic energy system
- GPP breaks glycogen down into glucose
- PFK breaks glucose down into pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules
- pyruvic acid is catalysed by coenzyme A, producing acetyl coenzyme A
what is the second phase of the aerobic energy system
the krebs cycle
what happens during the second phase of the aerobic energy system
- acetyl coenzyme A enters the kreb cycle
- acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetic acid to make citric acid
- citric acid breaks down & produces enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules
- by products of CO2 and hydrogen
- CO2 is exhaled
where does the kreb cycle take place
mitochondria matrix (intracellular fluid)
what is the third and final stage of the aerobic energy system
Electron Transport Chain
what happens during the third phase of a the aerobic energy system
- hydrogen atoms from the kreb cycle are carried through the electron transport chains by carrier molecules NAD+ & FAD+
- NADH & FADH are created
- hydrogen atoms are oxidized & removed H20
- enough energy is released to resynthesize 34 ATP molecules
where does stage 3 of the aerobic cycle occur
mitochondrian (cristae)
what is the energy continuum
the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on the intensity and duration of exercise
at rest, what system does most energy come from
aerobic system, due to a big supply for O2 for metabolic processes to occur
what is intermittent exercise
an activity where the intensity alternates
what 4 factors affect energy contribution
exercise intensity
exercise duration
fitness levels
recovery periods
how does exercise intensity affect energy contribution
higher intensity requires more energy therefore the ATP-PC system/ glycolytic system may be used for an immediate release of energy
how does exercise duration affect energy contribution
the longer the exercise duration, the aerobic system will be predominant as the anaerobic systems can only be used up to 3 minutes
how does fitness levels affect energy contribution
- higher VO2 max means more efficient CV & respiratory system to inspire, transport and utilize O2
- this increased intensity that they can work at before OBLA and CO2 max due to efficient muscle supplies
how does recovery period affect energy contribution
- allows PC stores to be replenished (60% in 30 secs/ 100% in 3 mins)
- with sufficient o2 supply, allows LA to be broken down and removed
- low intensity exercise during recovery period to aid LA removal and maintains blood flow & O2 transport
what does EPOC stand for
excess post oxygen consumption
what is the function of EPOC
- removes LA
- restoration of muscle myoglobin using oxygen (giving muscle cells high o2 affinity)
-resynthesis of muscle ATP & PC stores - restores levels of muscle glycogen
what is oxygen deficit
the volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically
what is oxygen consumption
the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
what is EPOC
the volume of oxygen needed to return the body to pre exercise state/conditions
what is the first stage of EPOC called
alactacid component / fast component
what occurs during the alactacid /fast component of EPOC
as soon as ATP / PC stores begin to complete, this stage will begin as long as body is below LA threshold
- oxygen is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP & P ( which is formed from aerobic glycolysis - glycogen breakdown)
- some PC is resynthesized from the breakdown of glycogen
- some ATP is immediately used to create PC using the coupled reaction
- reloads muscle with myoglobin using oxygen
what is the function of myoglobin
- gives muscles high O2 affinity
- stores o2 in the muscles
- transports o2 from capillaries to mitochondria
- increases BR during EPOC to help replenish stores
what is the function of the alactacid/fast component of EPOC
- restoration of muscle ATP
- restoration of muscle PC
- reloading myoglobin with oxygen
what is the second stage of EPOC called
lactacid / slow component
what occurs during the lactacid / slow component of EPOC
returns the body to pre exercise conditions by restoring homeostasis
- heat dissipation to cool the body
- energy replenishment
- removal of waste products like LA,CO2
- returns hormones to resting levels
- returns enzymes to resting levels
what is the process of LA removal during stage 2 of EPOC
- using oxygen, lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate acid
- pyruvate goes through the aerobic process of the Krebs cycle
- LA is transported to liver via the bloodstream where it is converted into glucose via the cori cycle
what are the conversion percentages of LA removal
50%-70% : oxidation into co2 and h2o in Krebs cycle
10% - 15% : converted into glucose and glycogen
5% - 10% : converted into protein through the cori cycle
how long does lactic acid removal take
up to 1 hour (can be up to 24 hours dependent on exercise intensity)
how can glucose levels be restored during the recovery process
- direct intake
- LA conversion
- conversion fro stored glycogen
how much additional oxygen is used/needed during stage 2 of EPOC
5-8 L
why do ventilation rates remain elevated during stage 2 of EPOC
all processes require oxygen
how does a warm up impact recovery
increases respiratory, heart & metabolic rates therefore more aerobic energy system used and less LA accumulation
- more energy for high intensity/ explosive exercise
- less recovery time during exercise
how does active recovery (cool down) impact recovery
- maintains respiratory rates & heart rate
- speeds up removal of lactic acid therefore less recovery time due to more efficient removal of waste
what are the implications of cooling aids in recovery on training
- lowers muscle & blood temperature
- reduce metabolic rate & demand of stage 2 of EPOC
- speeds up LA removal
- reduces muscle damage
- decreases DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness)
what are the implications of high training intensity on training
increases muscle mass, ATP & PC storage capacity, LA tolerances, Buffering capacity
- improves fast component of recovery
- stronger
- more energy & energy storage
- reduces demand for slow component
what are the implications of low/moderate training intensity on training
increases aerobic capacity, respiratory & cardiovascular efficiency
decreases LA build up, delays OBLA & maximises o2 delivery
- efficient breaths therefore lower breathing frequency
- less cramps & fatigue’s less
what are the implications of work:relief ratio on training
explosive & strength based exercise- 1:3 to give sufficient time for ATP & PC stores to replenish
HI muscular endurance - 1:2 to continue training hut encourage LA accumulation to increase tolerance & buffering capacity
aerobic capacity / endurance - 1:1 / 1:0.5 to promote adaptations, delay OBLA and muscle fatigue
what are the implications of game tactics & strategies on training
- time cuts and subs : allow 30 second relief intervals for 50% ATP & PC stores replenishment
- performers delay play with maintaining possession (time wasting)
what are the implications of nutrition on training
- helps maximise fuel stores
- delays fatigue, release of LA
- speeds up recovery
what is altitude
the height or elevation of an area above sea level
what is humidity
the amount of water vapour in the atmospheric air
what are the effects of altitude on a performer
- as altitude increases, barometric pressure decreases therefore less available oxygen
- partial pressure of oxygen decreases at altitudes above 1500m (40mmHg starting point)
- due to decrease in ppo2, the rate of oxygen diffusion decreases due to conc gradient reducing
- reduced haemoglobin saturation levels therefore less o2 transported in blood therefore less o2 available for energy production
what are the immediate effects of altitude on a performers cardiovascular system
- increased heart rate
- decrease in stroke volume
- decrease in maximal cardiac output
- decrease in blood / plasma volume
- decrease in haemoglobin saturation
- decrease in oxygen transport to muscles
- decrease in diffusion gradient (blood to muscles)
what are the immediate effects of altitude on a performers respiratory system
- increased breathing frequency / rate
- decreased tidal volume
- decreased ppo2 in inspired air (breaths are less efficient due to less available o2)
- decreased o2 diffusion / gradient from alveoli to blood
what is acclimatisation
the process whereby an athlete gradually adapts to a change in their environment
what are the time periods of acclimatisation for different altitudes
low ( 1000-2000m): 3-5 days
moderate ( 2000m-3000m) : 1-2 weeks
high (3000m+) : 2+ weeks
extreme (5000m+): 4+ weeks
what are the adaptations caused by the acclimatisation process
- increased release of EPO by the kidney
- increased red blood cell (count/size)
- increases capillirarisation (at alveoli/muscle)
- breathing rate stabilises
- Q & SV reduce as body adapts allows grater diffusion
- reduction in altitude sickness, headaches & breathlessness
what is thermoregulation
the process of maintaining internal core temperature
what are thermoreceptors
receptors that detect a change in temperature
how does heat effect hydration
- sweating can lead to heat loss therefore fluid loss
-> fluid not replaced = dehydration - dehydration can stop the body’s ability to thermoregulate, resulting in a core temperature rise
how does humidity affect rate of heat loss through sweat
low humidity: increased humidity
high humidity: decreased sweating & cooling rate takes longer
how much fluid can you lose by exercising in heat
2-3L per hour
how does heat effect/cause hyperthermia during exercise
- high/prolonged exercise intensities
- high air temperature
- high relative humidity
what is hyperthermia
a significant rise in core body temperature
how is cardiovascular drift caused due to exercising in heat
- increased rate of muscular contraction and chemical reactions that produce metabolic heat
- heat cannot be removed quickly to maintain core body temperature
- the athletes body redirects blood to skin for cooling, reducing the blood flow to working muscles
- rising core temperature alters the function of enzymes &receptors, affecting chemical reactions
what is the effect of heat & humidity on the cardiovascular system
dilation of arteries & capillaries to the skin
- increases blood flow & blood pooling in the limbs
decreased blood volume, VR, SV, Q & BP
- increased HR to compensate
- increased strain on CV system
- reduced oxygen transport to working muscles
what is the effect of heat & humidity on the respiratory system
dehydration & drying of airways in temperature above 32ºC, making breathing difficult:
- increased mucus production
- constriction of airways
- decreased volume of air for gaseous exchange
Increased BF to maintain O2 conmsumption
high levels of sunlight increase the effect of pollutants in the air :
- irritation increases in airways, resulting in coughing, wheezing & asthma symptoms
strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (pre competition)
acclimatisation for 7-14 days
- increases plasma volume
- increases onset& rate of sweating
- increases the efficiency of the Q distribution
- decreases loss of electrolytes within sweat, limiting fatigue & cramps
- decreases HR at given pace & temp
use cooling aids (ie ice vests) to reduce core temp and delay effect of high temps & dehydration
strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (during competition)
- using pacing strategies to alter goals & reduce the feeling of exertion
- wear suitable clothing that maximise heat loss by removing sweat from skin quickly
- rehydrate frequently with a hypotonic/isotonic solution
strategies to minimise a decrease in performance in heat & humidity (post competition)
- cooling aids to return to core temperature gradually
- rehydrate using isotonic solutions
