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Y2 PE > 1.3 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

1.3 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what is linear motion

A

the movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all body part move the same distance, in the same direction, over the same time

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2
Q

how is linear motion created

A

direct force applied through a bodys centre of mass

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3
Q

what does the gradient on a speed time graph represent

A

acceleration of a body at that time

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4
Q

what is angular motion

A

movement of a body in a circular path about and axis of rotation

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5
Q

how is angular motion created

A

eccentric external force applied to a body passing outside of centre of mass

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6
Q

what are the axis’ of rotation

A

longitudinal
frontal
tranverse

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7
Q

what is the longitudinal axis

A

runs head to toe through centre of mass

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8
Q

example of skill in longitudinal axis

A

full spin on ice

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9
Q

what is the transverse axis

A

runs left to right through centre of mass

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10
Q

example of skill in the transverse axis

A

cartwheel in gymnastics

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11
Q

what is the frontal axis

A

runs back to front through centre of mass

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12
Q

example of a skill in the frontal axis

A

somersault in gymnastics

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13
Q

which plane matches with the longitudinal axis

A

transverse plane

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14
Q

which plane matches with the transverse axis

A

frontal plane

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15
Q

which plane matches with the frontal axis

A

sagittal plane

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16
Q

what are the 3 angular motion descriptors

A

angular velocity
moment of inertia
angular momentum

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17
Q

what is angular velocity

A

rate of change in angular displacement / rate of rotation measured in radians per second

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18
Q

how to calculate angular velocity

A

Angular displacement (rad) / time taken (s)

time takes = rate of rotation

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19
Q

what is one full rotation equal to

A

2 radians (360)

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20
Q

what is one radian equal to

A

57.3 degrees

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21
Q

what is moment of inertia

A

he resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion or rotation / it will resist increasing or decreasing rate of spin (kgm^2)

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22
Q

how to calculate the moment of inertia

A

sum of (mass x distribution of mass from the axis of rotation)^2

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23
Q

how does mass relate to MOI

A

greater the distribution of mass = high MOI

slow rate of spin

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24
Q

how does angular velocity and MOI relate

A

low MOI, high AV - high rate of spin, fast rotation, little resistance
high MOI, low AV - slow rate of spin & high resistance

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25
Q

what is angular momentum

A

the quantity of angular motion possessed by a body (kgm^2rad/s)

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26
Q

how to calculate angular momentum

A

moment of inertia x angular velocity

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27
Q

what is the conservation of angular momentum

A

an analouge of newtons first law

once angular momentum has been generated, it is a product of angular velocity and MOI

  • once generated, it is conserved through movement

“a rotating body will continue to turn about its axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted upon by an eccentric force or external torque”

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28
Q

what is angular distance

A

the distance the body has travelled whilst rotating about an axis

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29
Q

what is angular displacement

A

shortest route in angular position

30
Q

what fluid mechanics

A

study of forces acting on a body in air or water

31
Q

how does Air resistance and drag affect performance

A

increase physical demand, leading to early fatigue & poor performances

32
Q

how does velocity affect AR and drag

A

increased V = Increased AR & Drag

33
Q

how does frontal cross sectional area affect AR & Drag

A

increased FCSA = increased AR & Drag

34
Q

how does streamlining & shape affect AR & Drag

A

Increased streamline = lower AR & Drag

35
Q

how does surface characteristics affect AR & Drag

A

smooth : lower AR & Drag -> reduce friction

36
Q

what is projectile motion

A

movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity

37
Q

what is a projectile

A

a body which is launched into the air losing contact with the ground surface and following a flight path

38
Q

what is the horizontal distance from the release of a projectile affected by

A
  • speed of release
  • angle of release
  • height of release
  • aerodynamic factors
39
Q

how does the speed of release affect the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile

A
  • greater force applied = greater the change in momentum therefore greater acceleration
  • the greater the outgoing speed, the further it will travel
40
Q

how does angle of release affect the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile

A

90 : projectile will accelerate vertically & fall back down (0m)

45 : optimal angle to maximise horizontal distance

< 45 : projectile doesn’t achieve suffient height

> 45 : projectile reaches peak height too quickly & rapidly returns to ground

41
Q

how does height of release affect the horizontal distance travelled by a projectile

A

if height of projectile if higher/lower than landing height, optimal angle changes

42
Q

what affects a projectiles flight path

A
  • relative size of forces acting upon it
  • projectile unaffected by AR will have a parabola flight path
43
Q

how does weight affect flight path

A

weight dominant - parabolic
air resistance dominant - non parabolic

44
Q

if a projectile is weigh dominant, what flight path does it follow

A

parabolic

45
Q

if a projectile is air resistance dominant, what flight path does it follow

A

non parabolic

46
Q

what is Bernoulli lift principle

A

creation of an additional lift force on a projectile in flight resulting from bernoullis conclusion that the higher the velocity of air flow, the lower the surrounding pressure

47
Q

how does the shape of a surface effect distance and velocity of the body

A

curved upper - causes air to travel further & move at higher velocity
flat underneath - causes air to flow a shorter distance & move at lower velocity

48
Q

how does velocity and pressure affect each other

A

high velocity , low pressure
low velocity, high pressure

49
Q

what is the pressure on curved surfaces vs flat

A

curved - low (due to high velocity)
flat - high (due to low velocity)

50
Q

how does pressure difference create lift on bodys

A

fluids move from area of high pressure to low pressure over a body in an aerofoil shape, creating lift

51
Q

what is an aerofoil

A

a streamlined body that is capable of generating significantly more lift than drag

52
Q

how does downwards lift force work

A

when aerofoil has been inverted ie F1 cars
- increases amount of gravity acting on body to keep it on the ground/prevent lift

53
Q

how is spin created

A

applying an external force outside of bodys COM

54
Q

in what ways can a force change the type of spins generate

A

topspin
backspin
sidespin hook
sidespin slice

55
Q

how is topspin created

A

when force is applied above the COM

56
Q

what is topspin

A

spins downwards in transverse axis
- shortens flight path

57
Q

what is backspin

A

spins upwards
- lifts
- slows downs
- lengthens flight path

58
Q

how is backspin created

A

force applied below the COM

59
Q

what is sidespin hook

A

spins left around the longitudinal axis

60
Q

what creates sidespin hook

A

force applied to the right of the COM

61
Q

what is sidespin slice

A

spins right in the longitudinal axis

62
Q

how is a sidespin slice created

A

force applied to the left of COM

63
Q

what is the magnus effect

A

creation of an additional magnus force on a spinning projectile which deviates from the flight path

64
Q

what is a magnus force

A

a force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air

65
Q

what flight path do spinning bodies follow

A

non parabolic

66
Q

what magnus force is created with a topspin

A

downwards magnus force, shortening flight path

67
Q

what magnus force is created with backspin

A

upwards magnus force, lengthening flight path

68
Q

what magnus force is created is sidespin slice

A

magnus force to the right , swerving projectile to the right

69
Q

what magnus force is created is sidespin hook

A

magnus force to the left, swerving projectile to the left

70
Q

how does the magnus force link to pressure and velocity of the projectile

A

occurs when there is high velocity & low pressure

Y2 PE (6 decks)

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