2.2 - sport psychology Flashcards
what is attribution
the perceived causes of a particular outcome
what is attribution retraining
changing unreal or innapropriate attributions into attributions that are more helpful and motivating to impact future success
what is whiners model of attribution
that there are 4 main reason for examination results dependent on the locus of casualties, the stability dimension and controllability of the factors
what are the 4 main reasons for examination results
- ability
- effort
- task difficulty
- luck
where is ability on the locus of casualties
internal
where is ability on the stability dimension
stable
where is effort on the locus of casualties
internal
where is effort on the stability dimension
unstable
where is task difficulty on the locus of casualties
external
where is task difficulty on the stability dimension
stable
where is luck on the locus of casualties
external
where is luck on the stability dimension
unstable
what is the locus of casualties
whether the attributions come within the person or from the environment
what is the stability dimension
whether the attribution is changeable is not
- more stable = higher self confidence
how does losing effect the 4 attributions
- ability and task difficulty decrease motivation
- effort and luck increase motivation
what is the downside of weiners model
not sport specific
how does stability effect attributions
- if reasons for winning are stable, the individual is more motivated to achieve again
- if reasons for failure is unstable, the individual is more likely to try again and change the outcome
what is self serving bias
a persons tendency to attribute their failure to external reasons
what is learned helplessness
the belief that failure is inevitable and the feeling if hopelessness when faced with specific/group situations
how does athlete self achievability affect attributions for failure
- high achiever attribute their failures to controllable stable factors
- low achiever attribute their failures to uncontrollable factors
what is mastery orientation
the view that an individual will be motivated by becoming an expert/master in skill development or sport performance
how does athletes with mastery orientated attribute sports
- attribute failure to internal controllable unstable factors
- ## strive to be/become bette at the activity
what is self confidence
the belief of certainty that individuals possess about their ability to succeed in sport
what is self efficacy
the self confidence we have in specific situations
what is self esteem
the feeling of self worth that determines how valuable/competent we feel
how does sport confidence levels effect performance
high - increases quality of performance due to increased motivation & high self esteem
low - reduces participation
how does high self esteem affect a performer
- reduced anxiety
- less likely to give into social pressure
- optimistic
how does low self esteem affect a performer
- depressed
- not participate in sport
- engage in risky behavior
what is vealeys model of self confidence
investigating the relationship between competitiveness & self confidence in sport
what are the levels of vealeys self confidence model
1 - sporting context
2 - competitive orientation & SC traits
3 - SC - state
4 - behavioral response
5 - subjective response
what is the sporting context level in vealeys self confidence model
what current situation the athlete is in
what is the SC trait level in vealeys self confidence model
innate sport confidence
what is the competitive orientation level in vealeys self confidence model
how competitive we are (learned helplessness/mastery orientation)
what is the SC trait level in vealeys self confidence model
situational sport confidence
what is the behavioral responses level in vealeys self confidence model
response of the athlete
- arousal levels, emotions, performance levels
what is the subject outcome level in vealeys self confidence model
how someone interprets their own performance
what is banduras model of self efficacy
our self efficacy is dependent on 4 types of information
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- social persuasion
- physiological & emotional state
what is vicarious experiences in banduras self efficacy model
modeling / observation of others forming opinions
- done by role model/ higher status
- if they fail, i will fail etc
what is performance accomplishments in banduras self efficacy model
past experiences & strongest influences forming confidence
what is social persuasion in banduras self efficacy model
feedback & encouragement
if not received, self efficacy will decrease and performance may be incorrect
what is physiological & emotional state in banduras self efficacy model
the perception of our arousal and how much control we have over our emotions
more control = higher self efficacy
how can self efficacy be raised within sport
- ensure success by beginning with easy tasks
- demonstrating with equal ability individuals
- verbal encouragement
- explain how its natural to be worried which is preparing the body (teach emotional control techniques)
what is leadership
an individual having enough influence over the behaviour of others to motivate them to follow individual own set goals
what are effective leadership qualities
- a clear goal
- empathy
good at sport / great subject knowledge - charisma
- good communicator
- highly motivated
- enthusiastic
what did barrow identify in 1977 as most important role of a leader
influencing & setting goals
what are the qualities of an emergent leader
- come from within the group / skillful individual selected by the team
- lack objectivity & bias judgements due to relationships within the team
-can win over their teammates as they are on of their own
what are the qualities of a prescribed leader
- appointed by external source
- objective & gives team ‘fresh eyes’
- less aware of team culture / friendships
- carries more authority
what are the qualities of a autocratic leader
- task orientated
- more dictatorial in style
- makes most decisions
- commanding/direct approach
- has little interest in the group individuals
when are the best situations to use an autocratic leadership style
- when discipline & control of a group is needed
- lack of time
- cognitive learners
- with males
- dangerous situations
- with novices
- when the leaders personality is autocratic
what are the qualities of a democratic leader
- person orientated
- values group member views
- shares decision making
- shows an interest in group individuals
when are the best situations to use a democratic leadership style
- when team members want to aid with decision making
- working with advanced performers
- when group and leader are well know to each other
- females’ prefer this
- small teams
- leader has democratic personality
what are the qualities of a laissez-faire leader
- make very few decisions
- no direct influence on the group
- gives little feedback
- group members make their own decisions
when are the best situations to use laissez-faire leadership style
- working w/ elite/high level performers
- helps develop creativity
- leader has full trust in group members capability
- task involves individuals decision making
- leader is creating an assessment scenario
- if leader cannot use any other leadership style
what are the evaluations of an autocratic leadership style
- does not ensure success
- gives discipline
- good w/ cognitive learners
- good w/ limited time frame
- useful in dangerous situations
what are the evaluations of a democratic leadership style
- does not ensure success
- group members feel important
- better w/ advanced performers
- better group dynamic
what are the evaluations of a laissez-faire leadership style
- does not ensure success
- is the leader actually leading
- develops creativity
- allows assessments to be made
what is the trait perspective leadership theory
suggests that leaders have a genetic disposition/ innate characteristics that show leadership qualities
“leaders are born, not made”
what are the criticisms of the trait perspective leadership theory
- simplistic approach
- fails to account for other factors that could affect leadership
- doubts about leadership ability being inherited
- people in sport tend to be specific in leadership dependent on situation
what is the social learning theory for leadership
suggest that you learn leadership characteristics from watching and copying others
can also be through vicarious learning
what is vicarious learning
a person will observe a reward being given for certain behavior and will try to copy that same behavior
what are the criticisms for the social learning leadership theory
- takes into account the environement
what is the interactionist leadership theory
suggests that the individual may have in-born traits but they are not evident until a situation that demands leadership
what are the criticisms of the interactionist leadership theory
- interaction of the environment & individual traits
- accounts for why some people are not leaders but can show leadership qualities in sport situations
what is the leadership model
there are 3 factors that effect leadership
- situational characteristics
- leader characteristics
- member characteristics
what are the situational factors of the leadership model
the nature of the situation
what are the leaders characteristics in the leadership model
leaders own preferred teaching style
what are the members characteristics in the leadership model
nature of the performers (age, gender, experience etc)
what are the required behavior factors in the leadership model
leadership style required relevant to the situation
what are the actual behavior factors in the leadership model
what the leader actually does
what are the preferred behaviour factor in the leadership model
members preference of leadership style
what is anxiety
the negative aspect of experiencing stress
what is stress
perception & capabilities may not match demands of them
how does the body react to stress
hypothalamus in brain stimulates body to release hormones containing adrenaline
what is a stressor
the environmental change that can induce a stress response
what is a stress response
the physiological change that occurs as a result of stress
what is a stress experience
the way we perceive the situation
how does a stressor cause stress
a stressor will arise when an imbalance between persons perception of the demand of being made & their ability to meet the demand
what are common stressors in sports and why ?
competitions - puts performer in position of apprehension
conflict - regarding choices and decision that have been made, can being social stressors to everyday life
frustration - can build up from prevention of reaching a goal
climate - very hot/cold conditions to train in
hurt - from injury/ extreme fatigue
