3.18.14 32 Memory Flashcards
What are the three types of sensory memory?
Iconic - visual
Echoic - auditory
Haptic - touch
What are the two main divisions of short term memory?
Linguistic
Visuospatial
What is another name for short term memory?
Working memory
What are the two main divisions of long term memory?
Procedural (implicit)
Declarative (explicit)
What is another word for implicit memory? Explicit?
Implicit = procedural Explicit = declarative
What are the two main types of explicit memory?
Semantic
Episodic
Give examples of semantic memory.
Factual knowledge: vocabulary, statistics, etc.
Give examples of episodic memory.
Events: contextual information, such as place, time, environment
What sort of memory problem is described by a normal, age-related change in memory?
Memory decline
What sort of memory problem is described by changes in memory due to disease, injury, or sleep deprivation?
Memory deficit
What sort of memory problem is characterized by a significant difference between intelligence and memory?
Amnesia
List and describe the three main types of amnesia.
Anterograde: can’t form new memories
Retrograde: difficulty recalling old information
Source: difficulty remembering where you learned something; context (episodic)
Regarding memory decline, what structure(s) tend to atrophy with age? What tends to suffer only mild loss?
Neostriatum and prefrontal cortex (15-20% loss)
Hippocampus is only mildly lost with age
What loop is fundamentally important for the consolidation of memory? What two structures in this loop are particularly important?
Papez circuit
Amygdala and hippocampus
Describe Papez circuit (beginning with the entorhinal cortex)
Entorhinal cortex –> Dentate gyrus (hippocampus) –> CA3 –> CA1 –> Subiculum –> Fornix (fimbriae, crus, body, column) –> mammillary body –> mammillothalamic tract –> anterior nucleus (thalamus) –> Cingulate gyrus –> Entorhinal cortex
What are the direct inputs to the amygdala and hippocampal formation?
Olfactory
Gustatory
General visceral afferents
What are the indirect inputs to the amygdala and hippocampal formation?
Vision
Audition
Somatic sensation
Describe the pathway of indirect input to the amygdala and hippocampal formation.
Cortical association centers –> orbital, insular, perirhinal cortices –> entorhinal cortex and amygdala
What are the subcortical inputs to the hippocampus?
Septal nuclei
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Brainstem
What are the two divisions of the fornix?
Precommissural pathway
Post commissural pathway
Where does the precommissural pathway terminate?
Septal nuclei
Ventral striatum
Where does the post commissural pathway terminate?
Mammillary body
Hypothalamic nuclei
What is long term potentiation?
Long-lasting synaptic (structural) changes in the hippocampal formation resulting from high-frequency stimulation to the input pathway
Resection and hypoxic damage to what structure has been shown to result in anterograde and retrograde amnesia without IQ or procedural memory loss?
The hippocampus
What lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with memory (damage induces deficits)
Temporal lobe
Left medial temporal lobe damage results in (verbal/nonverbal) memory loss?
Verbal memory loss
Word lists, verbal paired association learning
Right medial temporal lobe damage results in (verbal/nonverbal) memory loss?
Nonverbal memory loss
Geometric figures, faces, tonal patterns
What is responsible for autobiographic memories?
Lateral temporal lobe
What two pathways are vital diencephalic structures for memory?
- Mammillary bodies –> MMTT –> Anterior Nucleus
2. Amygdala –> amygdalofugal pathway –> Dorsomedial Nucleus
Korsakoff’s amnesia is associated with what structures? What causes these symptoms?
Destruction of mammillary bodies and dorsomedial nucleus
Alcoholism and thiamine deficiency
Frontal lobe lesions result in what types of amnesia?
Time-tagging and source amnesia
Alzheimer’s damages what structures?
Hippocampal formation and amygdala
Fronto-temporal damage results in what types of memory loss? What is preserved?
Episodic loss
Semantic is preserved
