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B&B 2 (MM) > 3.18.14 32 Memory > Flashcards

3.18.14 32 Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of sensory memory?

A

Iconic - visual
Echoic - auditory
Haptic - touch

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of short term memory?

A

Linguistic

Visuospatial

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3
Q

What is another name for short term memory?

A

Working memory

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4
Q

What are the two main divisions of long term memory?

A

Procedural (implicit)

Declarative (explicit)

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5
Q

What is another word for implicit memory? Explicit?

A 
Implicit = procedural
Explicit = declarative
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6
Q

What are the two main types of explicit memory?

A

Semantic

Episodic

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7
Q

Give examples of semantic memory.

A

Factual knowledge: vocabulary, statistics, etc.

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8
Q

Give examples of episodic memory.

A

Events: contextual information, such as place, time, environment

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9
Q

What sort of memory problem is described by a normal, age-related change in memory?

A

Memory decline

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10
Q

What sort of memory problem is described by changes in memory due to disease, injury, or sleep deprivation?

A

Memory deficit

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11
Q

What sort of memory problem is characterized by a significant difference between intelligence and memory?

A

Amnesia

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12
Q

List and describe the three main types of amnesia.

A

Anterograde: can’t form new memories
Retrograde: difficulty recalling old information
Source: difficulty remembering where you learned something; context (episodic)

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13
Q

Regarding memory decline, what structure(s) tend to atrophy with age? What tends to suffer only mild loss?

A

Neostriatum and prefrontal cortex (15-20% loss)

Hippocampus is only mildly lost with age

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14
Q

What loop is fundamentally important for the consolidation of memory? What two structures in this loop are particularly important?

A

Papez circuit

Amygdala and hippocampus

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15
Q

Describe Papez circuit (beginning with the entorhinal cortex)

A

Entorhinal cortex –> Dentate gyrus (hippocampus) –> CA3 –> CA1 –> Subiculum –> Fornix (fimbriae, crus, body, column) –> mammillary body –> mammillothalamic tract –> anterior nucleus (thalamus) –> Cingulate gyrus –> Entorhinal cortex

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16
Q

What are the direct inputs to the amygdala and hippocampal formation?

A

Olfactory
Gustatory
General visceral afferents

17
Q

What are the indirect inputs to the amygdala and hippocampal formation?

A

Vision
Audition
Somatic sensation

18
Q

Describe the pathway of indirect input to the amygdala and hippocampal formation.

A

Cortical association centers –> orbital, insular, perirhinal cortices –> entorhinal cortex and amygdala

19
Q

What are the subcortical inputs to the hippocampus?

A

Septal nuclei
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Brainstem

20
Q

What are the two divisions of the fornix?

A

Precommissural pathway

Post commissural pathway

21
Q

Where does the precommissural pathway terminate?

A

Septal nuclei

Ventral striatum

22
Q

Where does the post commissural pathway terminate?

A

Mammillary body

Hypothalamic nuclei

23
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Long-lasting synaptic (structural) changes in the hippocampal formation resulting from high-frequency stimulation to the input pathway

24
Q

Resection and hypoxic damage to what structure has been shown to result in anterograde and retrograde amnesia without IQ or procedural memory loss?

A

The hippocampus

25
Q

What lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with memory (damage induces deficits)

A

Temporal lobe

26
Q

Left medial temporal lobe damage results in (verbal/nonverbal) memory loss?

A

Verbal memory loss

Word lists, verbal paired association learning

27
Q

Right medial temporal lobe damage results in (verbal/nonverbal) memory loss?

A

Nonverbal memory loss

Geometric figures, faces, tonal patterns

28
Q

What is responsible for autobiographic memories?

A

Lateral temporal lobe

29
Q

What two pathways are vital diencephalic structures for memory?

A
  1. Mammillary bodies –> MMTT –> Anterior Nucleus

2. Amygdala –> amygdalofugal pathway –> Dorsomedial Nucleus

30
Q

Korsakoff’s amnesia is associated with what structures? What causes these symptoms?

A

Destruction of mammillary bodies and dorsomedial nucleus

Alcoholism and thiamine deficiency

31
Q

Frontal lobe lesions result in what types of amnesia?

A

Time-tagging and source amnesia

32
Q

Alzheimer’s damages what structures?

A

Hippocampal formation and amygdala

33
Q

Fronto-temporal damage results in what types of memory loss? What is preserved?

A

Episodic loss

Semantic is preserved

B&B 2 (MM) (22 decks)

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