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B&B 2 (MM) > 3.12.14 27 Telencephalon > Flashcards

3.12.14 27 Telencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the telencephalon

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External Granular
  3. External Pyramidal
  4. Internal Granular
  5. Internal Pyramidal
  6. Multiform
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2
Q

Which layer is the molecular layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 1
Horizontal cells and fibers (pyramidal and granule cell dendrites)
Interconnections between adjacent cortical columns

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3
Q

Which layer is the external granular layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 2
Small pyramidal cells and closely packed granule cells
Dendrites to Layer 1, axons to deeper layers: receives info from ipsilateral (association) or contralateral (commissural) hemispheres

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4
Q

What is the difference between association and commissural axons?

A

Association: ipsilateral (same hemisphere)
Commissural: contralateral (opposite hemisphere)

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5
Q

Which layer is the external pyramidal layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 3
Small pyramidal cells
Send axons to other cortical areas (ipsilateral/association or contralateral/commissural)

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6
Q

Which layer is the internal granular layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 4
Many closely-packed granule cells
Receives the preponderance of afferent input to the cortex (corticopetal axons)
Mostly from thalamus (ventral tier and geniculate bodies especially)

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7
Q

What are corticopetal axons?

A

The preponderance of afferent input to the cortex, specifically to layer 4 (internal granular layer)

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8
Q

Which layer is the internal pyramidal layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 5
Medium and large pyramidal cells
Axons project to the striatum, brainstem, and spinal cord
Corticofugal fibers (axons that leave the cerebral cortex and do not communicate to other regions of cortex) extend from here

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9
Q

What are corticofugal fibers?

A

Fibers extending from the cortex to other regions (e.g. striatum, brainstem, and spinal cord)

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10
Q

Which layer is the multiform layer? What is it’s primary function?

A

Layer 6
Axons which project toward the pial surface; association and projection axons
Major cortical feedback to the thalamus

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11
Q

Brodmann area 1,2,3

A

Granular
Primary sensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
Input from VPL and VPM

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12
Q

Brodmann area 17

A

Granular
Primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe in the calcarine fissure
Input from lateral geniculate bodies

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13
Q

Brodmann area 41, 42

A

Granular
Primary auditory complex
Dorsal temporal lobe
Receive input from medial geniculate bodies

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14
Q

Brodmann area 5, 7

A

Less granular
Secondary somatosensory
Input from non-specific thalamic sensory nuclei

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15
Q

Brodmann area 18, 19

A

Less granular
Secondary visual/visual association
Occipital lobe

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16
Q

Brodmann area 4

A

Agranular
Primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus

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17
Q

Brodmann area 8

A

Agranular

Frontal eye fields (movement of eyes)

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18
Q

Brodmann area 44, 45

A

Agranular

Motor speech areas

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19
Q

Brodmann area 6

A

Less agranular
Premotor cortex
Frontal lobe

20
Q

Brodmann area 22

A

Less agranular
Wernicke’s area (comprehension of speech)
Temporal lobe

21
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

Middle and inferior temporal gyri of both hemispheres

22
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A

Everything but middle and inferior temporal gyri of both hemispheres (which would be the anterior commissure)

23
Q

What are the 5 main intracortical connections (association cortical projections)

A 
Uncinate
Arcuate
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Cingulum
24
Q

What does the uncinate projection connect?

A

Temporal
and
Orbital gyri of frontal lobe

25
Q

What does the arcuate projection connect?

A

Superior temporal
and
Middle and inferior frontal

26
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus/projection connect?

A

Frontal
and
Parietal/Occipital

27
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus/projection connect?

A

Temporal
and
Parietal/Occipital

28
Q

What does the cingulum projection connect?

A

Frontal and parietal
and
Parahippocampal (and adjacent temporal)

29
Q

Which side is typically the dominant hemisphere? What is the dominant hemisphere in control of?

A 
Left
---
Speech (verbal memory)
Writing
Calculation
Ideomotor and ideational praxis
30
Q

Which side is typically the non-dominant hemisphere? What is the non-dominant hemisphere in control of?

A 
Right
---
Non-verbal ideation
Artistic side
Spatial recognition (map reading)
Arousal, awareness, orientation
Construction/dressing praxis
31
Q

Suppose you present something to a patient’s left visual field; they are unable to tell you what they saw, but when instructed, their left hand can pick up the item out of a line-up
What is wrong with the patient?
Why can the left hand pick up the object?
Why can’t he tell you what he has seen?

A

Corpus callosum has been sectioned
The patient perceives the item with the right occipital lobe, instructs left hand to pick up
Can’t relay information to the associative centers or speech centers of the left hemisphere, so cannot verbally ID the object

32
Q

What is alexia?

A

Inability to read

33
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Inability to write

34
Q

What causes alexia without agraphia?

A

Infarct of the branches of the left posterior cerebral artery, blood supply to the splenium (posterior aspect) of the corpus callosum and left primary visual cortex

35
Q

What is associated with infarcts of branches of the left posterior cerebral artery?

A

Alexia without agraphia
Right homonymous hemianopsia (no right visual field)
Inability to read (even what they themselves have written)
Left hemisphere is not receiving visual information

36
Q

What is apraxia? What causes it?

A

Inability to perform programmed, purposeful movements
Premotor areas (6, 8) are lesioned
Areas 6,8 are found where the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes meet

37
Q

What is agnosia? What causes it?

A

Inability to recognize objects visually
Lesion occurs in the association cortex (18,19)
18,19 found where the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes meet
- Lesion usually occurs bilaterally
- Primary visual cortex (17) is intact

38
Q

What is astereognosis? What causes it?

A

Inability to ID an object by touch alone
Lesion occurs in parietal association cortex (5,7)
Inability to ID object in the hand contralateral to the lesion

39
Q

What is contralateral neglect syndrome? What causes it?

A

Neglect of the left side of the body; right side neglect is very rare
Lesion of the right parietal lobe (39,40)

If the lesion occurred in the LEFT hemisphere, the right would compensate; if it occurs in the RIGHT hemisphere, the left can control the right side of the body, but is unable to also take over responsibility for the left side

40
Q

What is the blood supply for the frontal lobe?

A

Lateral - MCA
Medial - ACA
Inferior - ACA, MCA

41
Q

What is the blood supply for the parietal lobe?

A

Lateral - MCA

Medial - ACA

42
Q

What is the blood supply for the occipital lobe?

A

Lateral - MCA

Medial/inferior - PCA

43
Q

What is the blood supply for the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral - MCA
Medial/inferior - PCA
Temporal pole - MCA

44
Q

What is the blood supply for the limbic system?

A

Cingulate - ACA

Parahippocampal - PCA

45
Q

What is a penumbra?

A

The area surrounding an infarct that is temporarily rendered dysfunctional; may become more active after recovery

B&B 2 (MM) (22 decks)

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