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A-Level Biology > 3.1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules > Flashcards

3.1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Nucleic Acids (examples of polynucleotides)

A
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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2
Q

Components of a DNA nucleotide

A
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • A nitrogen-containing base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
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3
Q

Examples of nitrogen-containing bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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4
Q

Components of an RNA nucleotide

A
  • Ribose sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • A nitrogen-containing base (Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine)
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5
Q

What type of bond forms between nucleotides to form what?

A
  • Phosphodiester bonds, to form polynucleotides
  • Condensation reaction between the phosphate and deoxyribose
  • Catalysed by DNA polymerase
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6
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • Single-stranded
  • Short polynucleotide chain
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7
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • Double-stranded (2 long strands of polynucleotides, which are joined together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs to form a double helix)
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8
Q

Types of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA
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9
Q

Role of mRNA

A

transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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10
Q

Role of rRNA

A

ribosomes are made up of proteins + rRNA

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11
Q

Role of tRNA

A
  • involved in protein synthesis transcription + translation
  • bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome
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12
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A
  • Adenine always pairs to Thymine (complementary)
  • Cytosine always pairs to Guanine (complementary)
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13
Q

Quantities of bases

A

Quantity of adenine=quantity of thymine
Quantity of guanine=quantity of cytosine

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14
Q

When does DNA Replication occur?

A

S phase of interphase, which is before nuclear division and cytokinesis

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15
Q

Name for DNA replication

A

Semi-conservative replication

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16
Q

Process of semi-conservative replication

A
  • DNA helicase unzips the DNA molecule
  • DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands
  • Free DNA nucleotides attach to the exposed bases on the template strands by complementary base pairing
  • DNA polymerase joins the adjacent nucleotides together by a condensation reaction, and phosphodiester bonds form between them
  • DNA molecule recoils
17
Q

The 2 scientists who proposed models of the chemical structure of DNA and DNA replication

A

Crick
Watson

18
Q

Why can nucleotides only be added in the 5’ to 3’ direction to the DNA strand?

A
  • DNA polymerase is specific and only complementary to 5’ end of strand
  • Shapes of 5’ and 3’ are different
19
Q
A

A-Level Biology (20 decks)

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