3.1.2.5 Memory models 3.1.2.5.2 Efficiency of information processing

Question 1

7 ways to improve when storing information

Answer 1

1. rewards
2. association
3. mental practice
4. chunking (breaking task down)
5. focus (increase selective attention)
6. repetition
7. chaining

Question 2

selective attention to improve input

Answer 2

relevant practice (include distractions) = understand ignore distractions/focus on important stimuli = increase response time

Question 3

chunking

Answer 3

improves decision making
breaking the skilled action into parts or sub routines
e.g. a tennis serve

Question 4

chaining

Answer 4

improve decision making
link separate pieces of information together
taking 1st part of move linking to 2nd & link 3rd to 1st and 2nd
e.g. triple jump (hop, hop step, hop step jump)

Question 5

schema theory

Answer 5

schmidt 1982
learning = core skills existing motor programme & adapting
rather than structured learning through set of movements
suggests having motor programme for each skill is unrealistic

Question 6

types of schema

Answer 6

1. recall (initiate movement and store info about generalised movements)
   - initial conditions
   - response specifications
2. recognition (control the movement of the skill and evaluate effectiveness of skill)
   - sensory consequences
   - response outcome

Question 7

parameters of a schema

Answer 7

adapt a motor programme 4 parts considered

1. initial conditions
2. response specifications
3. sensory consequences
4. response outcome

Question 8

initial conditions

Answer 8

where am I, link to environment
position/placement of limbs
have I seen situation before

Question 9

response specifications

Answer 9

assess options open to performer

what do I need to do?

Question 10

sensory consequences

Answer 10

senses guide movement (kinesthesis) (intrinsic feedback)

e.g. grip basketball in different conditions = alter grip depending on distance/how high/hard to throw

Question 11

response outcome

Answer 11

schema and motor programme can be updated
pass = successful = motor programme updated and used in future
comparison of actual and intended outcome

Question 12

4 implications for coaching when developing a schema

Answer 12

varied practice
feedback
point out when use schema
offer praise

Question 13

reaction time

Answer 13

time between initiation of stimulus and start of the response

Question 14

movement time

Answer 14

time between start and end of response

Question 15

response time

Answer 15

reaction time + movement time

amount of time between initial action of stimulus and completion of response

Question 16

2 types of reaction time

Answer 16

1. simple reaction time

2. choice reaction time

Question 17

simple reaction time

Answer 17

e.g. 100m start
one specific response to one specific situation
provide quicker reaction time = quicker response time

Question 18

choice reaction time

Answer 18

different responses made from 1 situation
number of stimuli to take in & chose from
can be slower = lead to poor response

Question 19

4 factors influencing response time

Answer 19

1. single channel hypothesis
2. anticipation
3. Hick’s law
4. psychological refractory period

Question 20

psychological refractory period (PRP)

Answer 20

delay when second stimulus is presented before first has been processed
2nd stimulus = delayed = result of 1st being process
practice cant eliminate PRP but lesson effect
response time delayed - faced with multiple stimuli

Question 21

anticipation & response time

Answer 21

increase response time = improve anticipation
prejudging stimulus before present
experienced athletes = pick up cues more easily

Question 22

2 types of anticipation

Answer 22

1. spatial anticipation (predicting WHERE & WHAT is going to happen)
2. temporal anticipation (producing WHEN it is going to happen)

Question 23

hicks law

Answer 23

time to respond = increases number of stimulus requires a decision increases

performer = adv = opponent guessing e.g varying the tennis serve

x-axis = number of choices 
y-axis = time taken to respond (s)

Question 24

single channel hypothesis

Answer 24

multiple stimuli received
brain = only process single stimulus at a time
first stimulus fully processed = second stimulus from environment then processed