3.1.2.5 Memory models 3.1.2.5.2 Efficiency of information processing Flashcards
7 ways to improve when storing information
- rewards
- association
- mental practice
- chunking (breaking task down)
- focus (increase selective attention)
- repetition
- chaining
selective attention to improve input
relevant practice (include distractions) = understand ignore distractions/focus on important stimuli = increase response time
chunking
improves decision making
breaking the skilled action into parts or sub routines
e.g. a tennis serve
chaining
improve decision making
link separate pieces of information together
taking 1st part of move linking to 2nd & link 3rd to 1st and 2nd
e.g. triple jump (hop, hop step, hop step jump)
schema theory
schmidt 1982
learning = core skills existing motor programme & adapting
rather than structured learning through set of movements
suggests having motor programme for each skill is unrealistic
types of schema
- recall (initiate movement and store info about generalised movements)
- initial conditions
- response specifications - recognition (control the movement of the skill and evaluate effectiveness of skill)
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
parameters of a schema
adapt a motor programme 4 parts considered
- initial conditions
- response specifications
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
initial conditions
where am I, link to environment
position/placement of limbs
have I seen situation before
response specifications
assess options open to performer
what do I need to do?
sensory consequences
senses guide movement (kinesthesis) (intrinsic feedback)
e.g. grip basketball in different conditions = alter grip depending on distance/how high/hard to throw
response outcome
schema and motor programme can be updated
pass = successful = motor programme updated and used in future
comparison of actual and intended outcome
4 implications for coaching when developing a schema
varied practice
feedback
point out when use schema
offer praise
reaction time
time between initiation of stimulus and start of the response
movement time
time between start and end of response
response time
reaction time + movement time
amount of time between initial action of stimulus and completion of response
2 types of reaction time
- simple reaction time
2. choice reaction time
simple reaction time
e.g. 100m start
one specific response to one specific situation
provide quicker reaction time = quicker response time
choice reaction time
different responses made from 1 situation
number of stimuli to take in & chose from
can be slower = lead to poor response
4 factors influencing response time
- single channel hypothesis
- anticipation
- Hick’s law
- psychological refractory period
psychological refractory period (PRP)
delay when second stimulus is presented before first has been processed
2nd stimulus = delayed = result of 1st being process
practice cant eliminate PRP but lesson effect
response time delayed - faced with multiple stimuli
anticipation & response time
increase response time = improve anticipation
prejudging stimulus before present
experienced athletes = pick up cues more easily
2 types of anticipation
- spatial anticipation (predicting WHERE & WHAT is going to happen)
- temporal anticipation (producing WHEN it is going to happen)
hicks law
time to respond = increases number of stimulus requires a decision increases
performer = adv = opponent guessing e.g varying the tennis serve
x-axis = number of choices y-axis = time taken to respond (s)
single channel hypothesis
multiple stimuli received
brain = only process single stimulus at a time
first stimulus fully processed = second stimulus from environment then processed
