3.1.2.2 Impact of skill classification on structure of practice for learning Flashcards
3 methods of practice
- Whole practice
- Whole-part-whole practice
- Progressive part
*4 types of practice
- Massed
- Distributed
- Variable
- Mental
Methods of practice depends on;
- Age
- Classification of skill
- Motivation levels
- Athletes experience/skill level
- Personal characteristics
Whole practice
- many components,
- taught as one skill (not broken down into subroutines)
- kinaesthetic feel
- too complex skill?
E.g. experience player golf swing (discrete, fast, hard to break down)
Coach may use whole practice
- ballistic discrete, sharp action (tennis serve)
- highly organised
- simple (fewer demands)
- autonomous stage= detailed precise/cope with demand
- maintain subroutine
ADVS of whole practice
- fluent = feel for skill (short time to perfect)
- specific images (mental) (recall from memory)
- more realistic (positive transfer)
- consistent (automatic/good habits)
DIS of whole practice
- demands (beginner can not cope)
- fatigue
- too much info to process
Whole-part-whole practice
- complex = broken to separate components
- attempt whole skill = initial feel - practice individually
E.g. experienced volleyball player with a problem with spike(specific issue with arm action corrected after looking at whole skill)
Coach may use whole-part-whole practice
- beginner & complex skill
- one part right before progress
- one aspect at a time (subroutines maintained)
- highlight weakness, isolate and correct
ADVS of whole-part-whole practice
- motivation (long standing weakness)
- immediate feedback
- correct errors and integrate = improve performance
- maintain feel transition /fluency/ integration of skill
DIS of whole-part-whole
- may = negative transfer effects if not integrated into whole skill = correct action learnt
- more time consuming
Progressive part practice
practising first part of skill - adding parts gradually
- complex skill = subroutines
- linking progressive manner
- serial skill (chaining)
E.g. dance routine
Coach may use progressive part
- skill is low organised (broken down)
- or serial = chaining
- use for complex (one complex feature isolated = less pressure)
ADVS of progressive part
- focus on 1 aspect/weakness
- rest = fatigue
- motivate each part = success
- initial understanding = confidence
DIS of progressive part
- time consuming
- ignore sub routine links = neglect feel for whole tasks
- danger of negative transfer
*Distributed type of practise
- rest intervals between sessions
- break = explain changes / additions give feedback
- Beginners (controlled progress/own pace)
- continuous
- open (unpredictable)
- complex
- external paced
*ADVS of Distributed type of practice
- pressure off performer
- allows recuperation
- motivation
- safe way to practice dangerous skills
*DIS of distributed type of practice
- time consuming
- risk of negative transfer (too many rests or too many different things in intervals)
*Massed type of practice
-individuals practice = continuously without rest
Expert & Older = more concentrated
- Discrete
- Continuous
*ADV of massed type of practice
- promote fitness = cope with external demands
- automatic fixed responses stored in memory = more consistent
- efficient use of time
*DIS of massed type of practice
- fatigue
- negative transfer
*Variable type of practice
- training for team sport
- mixture of all method of practices
Expert
Open
externally paced
*ADV of variable type of practice
- replicates game situation (open skills)
- adds fun to session = motivation
- build sub-routines
- develops schema
*DIS of variable type of practice
- more time consuming
- increased risk of negative transfer
*Mental type of practice
- skill in the mind before any movement
- with physical practice
- warm up
Professionals = whole and small components
Beginners =confidence & basics
Serial & complex
*ADV of Mental type of practice
- improves confidence = reduces anxiety
- stimulates muscle receptor
- increase reaction time
- used during injury
*DIS of mental type of practice
-beginners may visualise wrong
schema
generalised movement pattern stored in long term memory
can be adapted changed and broadened through the use of cognitive learning
