3.1.2.1 Skill, skill Continums & Transfer Of Skills

Question 1

Skill

Answer 1

• Learnt capacity/ability
• bring about pre-determined results
• maximum certainty often
• minimum outlay of time energy or both

Question 2

8 Characteristics of a skill:

Answer 2

1. goal directed
2. pre determined (objective)
3. learnt not just result of maturing
4. efficient and economic (no energy wasted)
5. flowing/aesthetically pleasing
6. recognised technique (right time and place)
7. consistent success
8. result of receiving info - making right decision

Question 3

Abilities;

Answer 3

Inherited, innate

• enduring traits
• genetics

E.g. co-ordination, balance, agility, reaction time

Question 4

Continuum’s:

Answer 4

1. Open - closed
2. Grossed - fine
3. Self paced- externally paced
4. Discrete - serial - continuous
5. Organisation
6. Complexity

Not always at same point on the continuum (practise vs match)

Question 5

Open skill

Answer 5

• affected by unstable/unpredictable changing environment
• adapt to others actions = lots of decisions

E.g. pass in football or hockey

Question 6

Closed skill:

Answer 6

• less decision making
• predictable, stable unchanging environment
• performed same always

E.g shot put throw

Question 7

Gross skill

Answer 7

• major body movement (large muscles groups) = little fine control
• associated with strength, power, endurance

E.g rugby tackle

Question 8

Fine skill

Answer 8

• fine delicate movements = small muscles groups
• associated with accuracy & precision
• good hand eye coordination

E.g throwing a dart/return table tennis shot/firing pistol

Question 9

Discrete skill

Answer 9

• short time span
• clear beginning and end
• short sharp action

E.g. throwing a dart, tennis serve

Question 10

Continuous skill

Answer 10

• no clear beginning or end (on-going)
• movement pattern continuously repeats

E.g front crawl in swimming, cycling

Question 11

Serial skill

Answer 11

• discrete skills linked = continuous task
• integrated movement
• first movement triggers next

E.g. floor routine in gymnastics

Question 12

Self paced skill

Answer 12

-performer controls rate of execution & initiation of skill

E.g. high board dive, taking a penalty

Question 13

Externally paced skill

Answer 13

• rate of execution (outside performers control)
• external conditions = initiate movement

E.g. returning a serve in tennis, starting pistol in race

Question 14

Low organisation skill

Answer 14

• skill can be easily broken down into parts
• each individual part can be practised in isolation

E.g. triple jump, swimming (leg, arm action)

Question 15

High organised skill

Answer 15

• not easily broken down into parts
• sub routines merge
• can’t be practised in isolation

E.g. front somersault(manual/mechanical guidance) volley in football

Question 16

Simple skill;

Answer 16

• limited decision making, few decisions
• not a lot for performer to think about

E.g. forward role in gymnastics

Question 17

Complex skill

Answer 17

• many decisions
• lots of info
• number of factors = a decision

E.g. dribbling in football, ice hockey shot,
dribbling in hockey ( cognitive parts = position of opponent, psychomotor parts = stick action)

Question 18

4 types of skill transfer:

Answer 18

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Zero
4. Bilateral

Question 19

Positive skill transfer

Answer 19

• learning of one skill makes it easier to/helps the learning of another
• due to similarities (shape/form)

E.g. football lofted pass and rugby conversion kick

basketball pass and netball pass

Question 20

Negative skill transfer

Answer 20

• learning of one skill makes it harder to learn another/hinders the learning of another
• due to similarities/familiarity in environment = confusion

E.g. cricket over arm bowl and a javelin throw, tennis vs Badminton serve (arm vs wrist)

Question 21

Zero skill transfer

Answer 21

-learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another

E.g. kayaking and pushing out of the blocks in a sprint

Question 22

Bilateral skill transfer

Answer 22

• learning of one skill on one side of the body (e.g.on the right)
• learning of skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
• makes it easier to learn the same skill on the other side (e.g. the left)

E.g. a shot in football on both sides

Question 23

transfer & theory of transfer

Answer 23

-the effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another